Katy Wallis SCF Endocrine system study guide Questions And Answers With 100% Correct Answers

In general, which hormones would be the longest acting? (to answer this, know how binding proteins affect length of effectiveness and which hormones would be bound) - Steroid, lipid derivatives, they have carrier protein. This form of intercellular communication uses chemical messengers to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue (through extracellular fluid). - Paracrine This form of intercellular communication is used by cardiac muscle cells to coordinate muscle contraction... How is information transferred from cell to cell in this form of communication? What is the other example we talked about that uses this? - direct, cilia movement EX. Respiratory tract This form of intercellular communication utilizes NT that travel across a synaptic cleft to a target cell - synaptic Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the __________________ and have ____________________ effects. - blood stream, intracellular Exocrine glands release secretions via ____________ onto ___________________ and have _________________ effects. - duct, epithelial surface, extracellular Which regulatory system do we utilize to handle urgent stresses (when a quick response is needed)? - nervous system Which regulatory system do we utilize to control growth, development, reproduction and metabolism? - Endocrine When the Endocrine System is used to regulate the body it typically results in what kind of effect? (think timing and targets) - widespread effect, long lastingEndocrine communication results in what (especially compared to synaptic communication)? (again, think timing and targets) - widespread and long lasting and maintain long last effect EX. growth reproduction Concentration of a hormone can do what? - Does NOT determine sensitivity, can change the amount of receptor it has to influence sensitivity Which class of hormones includes small molecules synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan or tyrosine?... Give examples. Do these bind intracellularly or extracellularly? - Amino acid derivatives, Eid hormones (tyrosine)intracellularly, melatonin (tryptophan) extracellularly. What class of hormones consist of chains of amino acids? Do these bind intracellularly or extracellularly? - peptides, extracellularly (need second messengers to except the effects on site) Which hormones bind to intracellular receptors? - lipids, thyroid hormones Why do some hormones travel in the blood bound to a carrier protein? How does this affect their clearance? Their time of effectiveness? - give solubility in the blood. decrease clearance, lengthens the amount of time it takes to clear them, in the body longer. Increases time of effectiveness. This form of intercellular communication utilizes chemical messengers released into the bloodstream. - Endocrine The presence of a hormone ___________ determines a cell's ________to a hormone. - RECEPTOR, sensitivity When would hormone receptors be "down-regulated"? How would this affect sensitivity to a particular hormone? - When there is high hormone concentration. Decrease amount of receptors. Less sensitive. How about upregulated? - Add more receptors when hormone concentration is low. More sensitive. When do cells become more sensitive to a hormone? - when levels are lowWhen do cells become less sensitive to it? - when levels are high The lipid derivative class of hormones share what important structural feature? - 4 carbon rings Hormones that bind extracellularly have to utilize ___________________ to elicit effects. An example is cAMP, cyclic GMP, calcium ions - second messengers The release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by what? - hypothalamus, releasing and inhibiting hormones from there. _________________ stimulates mammary gland development and milk production? - Prolactin from the anterior pituitary What are the effects of growth hormone? - growth of bones and cartilage _____________ causes smooth muscle contraction leading to milk ejection form the nipple or ejaculation from the penis? - Oxytocin, Causes uterine smooth muscle contraction during childbirth. The word Oxytocin means "Quick Childbirth", this is a positive feedback loop of contractions. Production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) requires what ion? What protein? What hormone? - Iodine, thyroglobulin, TSH Difference between T3 and T4? - T3 is more potent and fast-acting than T4. T4 maintains metabolism in steady state. A patient with hyperthyroidism may present with what symptoms? - weight loss, increase HR and BP, sweating, goiter, protruding eyes, insomnia, low TSH. "Graves"