ACS Organic Chemistry Exam Practice
__., __., __., __., __.,
Test with correct solutions. __., __., __., __.,
What is an elimination reaction?
__., When the leaving group and a
__., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
proton on an adjacent carbon both leave to form a double bond
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What is the term for the most basic type of eliminations?
__., __., __., 1,2- __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __.,
eliminations (because proton and leaving group are on adjacent atoms);
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
this can also be called beta-elimination
__., __., __., __., __.,
Distinguish between alpha and beta anomers. __.,beta anomers have the __., __., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __.,
OH belonging to the hemiacetal carbon equatorial
__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
alpha anomers have the OH belonging to the hemiacetal carbon axial
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What is the definition of mutarotation?
__., __., the process for which alpha
__., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
and beta anomers come to equilibrium (aqueous) in a specific ratio. It is
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
the same ratio is observed when you start with the alpha anomer in
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.
water versus the beta anomer in water
, __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __., Cx(H2O)y
How do you determine the number of stereoisomers for a given
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.
carbohydrate?
, 2^n where n= number of stereocenters __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
Distinguish between the D and L designations for carbohydrates.
__., In __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __., __.,
the L form the hydroxy group is on the bottom left closest to the CH2O
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
H group in the frame of a Fischer projection
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
, In the D form the OH is on the bottom right
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What are anomers? Diastereomers formed by the cyclization of
__., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
carbohydrates (*note they have different configurations at the new
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
stereocenter-this is what makes them diastereomers) __., __., __., __., __.,
What agent is most often used for complete oxidation of a carbohydrate?
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __
HNO3
.,__., __.,
What kind of agents are used for selective or partial oxidation of carbohy
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
drates? most commonly Br or some other MILD oxidative agent
__.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What are reducing sugars?
__., Carbohydrates that yield positive results
__., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
of the oxidative tests, because in being oxidized they reduce the metal
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
ion (or other reducing agent)
__., __., __., __.,
Carbohydrates undergo reactions similar to which functional group?
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __.,
OH (hemiacetals and acetals)
__., __., __.,
How does the Tollen's test work?
__., Carbohydrate is oxidized by Ag+
__., __., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
and positive result shows a silvery mirror as Ag+ is reduced to metallic
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
(elemental) silver __.,
How do the Benedict's and Fehling's tests work?
__., __., Both employ a
__., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __.
solution of aqueous Cu2+ in base. When reduced it forms Cu2O which is
, __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __
a red ppt.
., __., __.,
__., __., __., __., __.,
Test with correct solutions. __., __., __., __.,
What is an elimination reaction?
__., When the leaving group and a
__., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
proton on an adjacent carbon both leave to form a double bond
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What is the term for the most basic type of eliminations?
__., __., __., 1,2- __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __.,
eliminations (because proton and leaving group are on adjacent atoms);
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
this can also be called beta-elimination
__., __., __., __., __.,
Distinguish between alpha and beta anomers. __.,beta anomers have the __., __., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __.,
OH belonging to the hemiacetal carbon equatorial
__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
alpha anomers have the OH belonging to the hemiacetal carbon axial
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What is the definition of mutarotation?
__., __., the process for which alpha
__., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
and beta anomers come to equilibrium (aqueous) in a specific ratio. It is
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
the same ratio is observed when you start with the alpha anomer in
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.
water versus the beta anomer in water
, __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __., Cx(H2O)y
How do you determine the number of stereoisomers for a given
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.
carbohydrate?
, 2^n where n= number of stereocenters __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
Distinguish between the D and L designations for carbohydrates.
__., In __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __., __.,
the L form the hydroxy group is on the bottom left closest to the CH2O
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
H group in the frame of a Fischer projection
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
, In the D form the OH is on the bottom right
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What are anomers? Diastereomers formed by the cyclization of
__., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
carbohydrates (*note they have different configurations at the new
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
stereocenter-this is what makes them diastereomers) __., __., __., __., __.,
What agent is most often used for complete oxidation of a carbohydrate?
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __
HNO3
.,__., __.,
What kind of agents are used for selective or partial oxidation of carbohy
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
drates? most commonly Br or some other MILD oxidative agent
__.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
What are reducing sugars?
__., Carbohydrates that yield positive results
__., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
of the oxidative tests, because in being oxidized they reduce the metal
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
ion (or other reducing agent)
__., __., __., __.,
Carbohydrates undergo reactions similar to which functional group?
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __.,
OH (hemiacetals and acetals)
__., __., __.,
How does the Tollen's test work?
__., Carbohydrate is oxidized by Ag+
__., __., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
and positive result shows a silvery mirror as Ag+ is reduced to metallic
__., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __.,
(elemental) silver __.,
How do the Benedict's and Fehling's tests work?
__., __., Both employ a
__., __., __., __., __., __.,__., __., __., __., __.
solution of aqueous Cu2+ in base. When reduced it forms Cu2O which is
, __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __., __
a red ppt.
., __., __.,
