PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 RASMUSSEN WITH QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - -alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
-4 topics of pathophysiology - -etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment
-5 cardinal signs of inflammation - -heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
-7 warning signs of cancer - -(CAUTION)
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
-active immunity - -A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against
disease-causing antigens.
-active transport - -requires energy, against the gradient from low concentration to high
(ex: endocytosis (entering cell), exocytosis(exiting cell), and protein pumps)
-acute - -sudden onset and short duration
-adaptation/resistance stage - -trying to return to homeotasis
-alarm stage - -fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and
aldostrone)
-antimicrobial resistance - -occurs when pathogens undergo changes that allow them to resist
antimicrobials (Ex: MRSA)
-atopic dermatitis - -Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants.
(eczema)
-Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) - -23-30 mEq/L
-Calcium value normal range - -9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
-causes of edema - -increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of
lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability
, -Causes of extracellular fluid deficits - -loss of total body sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating,
burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
-chronic - -long term
-clinical manifestation - -signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
-Components of the Immune System - -(1) skin and mucous membranes; (2) the mononuclear phagocyte
system; (3) the lymphoid system, including spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes; and (4) bone
marrow. AND B cells; T cells
-condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL - -hypercalcemia
-Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L - -Hyperchloremia
-Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L - -Hypermagesemia
-Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL - -Hyperphosphatemia
-Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L - -Hyperkalemia
-Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L - -hypernatremia
-condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL - -hypocalcemia
-Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L - -hypochloremia
-Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L - -hypomagnesemia
-condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL - -hypophophatemia
-Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L - -hypokalemia
-Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L - -hyponatremia / hypernatremia
-Define cachexia - -weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness
-Define endotoxins - -Stays INSIDE the cell. can lead to septic
-define exotoxins - -those toxins which are secreted in the area surrounding a cell
-Define Leukopenia - -decrease in WBC
-Define metastasis - -The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
-Define thrombocytopenia - -low platelet count
AND ANSWERS
3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - -alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
-4 topics of pathophysiology - -etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment
-5 cardinal signs of inflammation - -heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
-7 warning signs of cancer - -(CAUTION)
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
-active immunity - -A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against
disease-causing antigens.
-active transport - -requires energy, against the gradient from low concentration to high
(ex: endocytosis (entering cell), exocytosis(exiting cell), and protein pumps)
-acute - -sudden onset and short duration
-adaptation/resistance stage - -trying to return to homeotasis
-alarm stage - -fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and
aldostrone)
-antimicrobial resistance - -occurs when pathogens undergo changes that allow them to resist
antimicrobials (Ex: MRSA)
-atopic dermatitis - -Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants.
(eczema)
-Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) - -23-30 mEq/L
-Calcium value normal range - -9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
-causes of edema - -increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of
lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability
, -Causes of extracellular fluid deficits - -loss of total body sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating,
burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
-chronic - -long term
-clinical manifestation - -signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
-Components of the Immune System - -(1) skin and mucous membranes; (2) the mononuclear phagocyte
system; (3) the lymphoid system, including spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes; and (4) bone
marrow. AND B cells; T cells
-condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL - -hypercalcemia
-Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L - -Hyperchloremia
-Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L - -Hypermagesemia
-Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL - -Hyperphosphatemia
-Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L - -Hyperkalemia
-Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L - -hypernatremia
-condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL - -hypocalcemia
-Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L - -hypochloremia
-Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L - -hypomagnesemia
-condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL - -hypophophatemia
-Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L - -hypokalemia
-Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L - -hyponatremia / hypernatremia
-Define cachexia - -weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness
-Define endotoxins - -Stays INSIDE the cell. can lead to septic
-define exotoxins - -those toxins which are secreted in the area surrounding a cell
-Define Leukopenia - -decrease in WBC
-Define metastasis - -The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
-Define thrombocytopenia - -low platelet count
