Biosci 107 blood and Immune ,cell
process,excitable tissue,muscle and
neurons,2nd half Semester Exam new
2024-2025.
what is the average human blood volume? - 5L
what does blood provide a system for? - transport of oxygen, proteins, glucose, lipids and essential ions
required for normal cell function
what is arterial pressure maintained by? - elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth
muscle
why must blood volume be retained? - retain pressure
people can withstand a modest loss of blood but anything over ____ can be fatal. - 20%
why can the loss of blood be fatal? - because pressure and flow is impaired and the result is tissue
starved by O2
how is high blood pressure (hypertension) caused? - a narrowing or hardening of the arteries reducing
flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation
define coagulation - formation of a blood clot - blood changing from a liquid to a solid or semi-solid state
red blood cells make up ____ of the total blood volume - 45%
what is the major protein in red blood cells? - haemoglobin
,haemoglobin constitues ____ of the red blood cells dry weight - 96%
Each haemoglobin molecule contains 4 polypeptide chains and each polypeptide chain contains one
____ - Fe2+
what are the three components which blood separates to? - packed red cells (4o%), buffy coat (10%)
containing white blood cells, plasma (50%) contains soluble proteins, lipids and platelets
what are the 5 abundant proteins in blood? - albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, complement (C'),
coagulation
What are leukocytes and what do they do? - white blood cells, active in the immune system, provide the
body's defence system
What are erythrocytes and what do they do? - They are red blood cells that carry oxygen and develop in
the bone marrow
What are platelets and what do they do? - tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop
bleeding and trigger tissue repair
why do erythrocytes survive radiotherapy? - because they do not have a nucleus, therefore no DNA
What do myeloid stem cells give rise to? - red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils
and basophils
what can myeloids provide? - innate immunity
how do all blood cells begin life? - as single pluripotent stem cells found mainly in the bone marrow
how is blood coagulation initiated? - tissue damage or surface contact
, what is thrombin? - an enzyme in blood plasma that causes the clotting of blood by converting
fibrinogen to fibrin.
what is plasminogen? - a protease that is activated by tissue plasminogen activator or streptokinase
what is a protease? - an enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides/ acts like a catalyst
what are issue plasminogen activator and streptokinase used for? - to treat unwanted blood clots such
as in a myocardial infarct, pulmonary embolism or deep thrombosis
What is the body's first line of defence against infection? - innate immunity
the immune system is divided into two interconnected systems, what are they called? - innate immunity
response and adaptive immune response
what is innate immunity response and what does it do? - myeloid cells provide your cellular innate
immune response, it does not change or strengthen over time
what is adaptive immune response? - lymphoid cells provide your adaptive immune response which
strengthens or adapts the longer you are exposed to antigen
what is an antigen? - a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.
what are the three interconnected processes that regulate innate immunity? - complement,
phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptors
What is the complement and what does it do? - opsonisation of microbes by blood proteins and the
production of anaphylotoxins that attract and activate phagocytes
What is phagocytosis? - engulfment of the microbe by phagocytes that destroy the organism
process,excitable tissue,muscle and
neurons,2nd half Semester Exam new
2024-2025.
what is the average human blood volume? - 5L
what does blood provide a system for? - transport of oxygen, proteins, glucose, lipids and essential ions
required for normal cell function
what is arterial pressure maintained by? - elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth
muscle
why must blood volume be retained? - retain pressure
people can withstand a modest loss of blood but anything over ____ can be fatal. - 20%
why can the loss of blood be fatal? - because pressure and flow is impaired and the result is tissue
starved by O2
how is high blood pressure (hypertension) caused? - a narrowing or hardening of the arteries reducing
flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation
define coagulation - formation of a blood clot - blood changing from a liquid to a solid or semi-solid state
red blood cells make up ____ of the total blood volume - 45%
what is the major protein in red blood cells? - haemoglobin
,haemoglobin constitues ____ of the red blood cells dry weight - 96%
Each haemoglobin molecule contains 4 polypeptide chains and each polypeptide chain contains one
____ - Fe2+
what are the three components which blood separates to? - packed red cells (4o%), buffy coat (10%)
containing white blood cells, plasma (50%) contains soluble proteins, lipids and platelets
what are the 5 abundant proteins in blood? - albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, complement (C'),
coagulation
What are leukocytes and what do they do? - white blood cells, active in the immune system, provide the
body's defence system
What are erythrocytes and what do they do? - They are red blood cells that carry oxygen and develop in
the bone marrow
What are platelets and what do they do? - tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop
bleeding and trigger tissue repair
why do erythrocytes survive radiotherapy? - because they do not have a nucleus, therefore no DNA
What do myeloid stem cells give rise to? - red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils
and basophils
what can myeloids provide? - innate immunity
how do all blood cells begin life? - as single pluripotent stem cells found mainly in the bone marrow
how is blood coagulation initiated? - tissue damage or surface contact
, what is thrombin? - an enzyme in blood plasma that causes the clotting of blood by converting
fibrinogen to fibrin.
what is plasminogen? - a protease that is activated by tissue plasminogen activator or streptokinase
what is a protease? - an enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides/ acts like a catalyst
what are issue plasminogen activator and streptokinase used for? - to treat unwanted blood clots such
as in a myocardial infarct, pulmonary embolism or deep thrombosis
What is the body's first line of defence against infection? - innate immunity
the immune system is divided into two interconnected systems, what are they called? - innate immunity
response and adaptive immune response
what is innate immunity response and what does it do? - myeloid cells provide your cellular innate
immune response, it does not change or strengthen over time
what is adaptive immune response? - lymphoid cells provide your adaptive immune response which
strengthens or adapts the longer you are exposed to antigen
what is an antigen? - a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.
what are the three interconnected processes that regulate innate immunity? - complement,
phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptors
What is the complement and what does it do? - opsonisation of microbes by blood proteins and the
production of anaphylotoxins that attract and activate phagocytes
What is phagocytosis? - engulfment of the microbe by phagocytes that destroy the organism
