PHARMACOLOGY PENN FOSTER
VETERINARY FINAL EXAM WITH 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS {GRADED A+}
LATEST UPDATE
Describe how antiparasitic drugs work - ANS✔✔-Antiparasitic drugs work by
destroying parasites or inhibiting their growth. Most work by interfering with the
parasite's nervous system to prevent them from moving.
Discuss why replacement drugs are often necessary for animal health - ANS✔✔-
Explain the veterinary technician's role in inventory control - ANS✔✔-keeping the
staff informed regarding discontinued items, knowing the dates on which
backordered items will be released from the vendor, packing up goods awaiting
return to the vendor (e.g., expired items), rotating stock correctly, maintaining
current prices on all products, organizing inventory for ease of location and
counting, receiving and inspecting orders on arrival at the veterinary facility, and
learning about new products.
Define: Agonist - ANS✔✔-Drug that has affinity for a receptor/stimulates
receptor into action
Define: Contraindication - ANS✔✔-A reason not to use a drug in a particular
situation
,Define: Efficacy - ANS✔✔-the degree to which a drug produces its desired
response.
Cardiac cells are connected by intercalated disks and a fusion of cell membranes
to form a _____ - ANS✔✔-Syncytium (interconnected mass)
Depolarizatoin of cardiac cells is characterized by a rapid influx of _____ ions, a
slower influx of _____ions and the outflow of _____ ions - ANS✔✔-Sodium
(Na+), Calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+)
A relatively long ______________________ is important to cardiac cells to
prevent a constant state of contraction from recycling impulses. - ANS✔✔-
Refractory period
Define chronotropic and inotropic effects in the relation to the heart. - ANS✔✔-
Chronotropic refers to the rate of contraction where inotropic refers to force of
contraction
Define preload and afterload in relation to the pumping mechanism of the heart.
- ANS✔✔-Preload is volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (amt of blood
that must be pumped out) and afterload is the resistance in the arteries that the
ventricle must overcome to pump blood.)
List the four basic compensatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system -
ANS✔✔-Increasing heart rate, increasing stroke volume, increasing efficiency of
heart muscle, heart enlargement
List five objectives of treatment for heart failure. - ANS✔✔-Control rhythm
disturbances, maintain or increase cardiac output, relieve fluid accumulations,
increase the O2 of bood, and provide O2/sedatives.
List four beneficial effects and one potential toxic effect of the use of the cardiac
glycosides. - ANS✔✔-Beneficial= improved cardiac contractility, decreased heart
rate, antiarrhythmic effect, decreased signs of dyspnea
Toxic= vomiting.
,Catecholamines such as epinephrine are used in veterinary cardiology primarily
for _____ - ANS✔✔-Stimulation of cardiac contraction in cardiac arrest
List five factors that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias - ANS✔✔-
Conditions that cause hypoxia, electrolyte imbalances, increased levels of
sensitivity to catecholamines, certain drugs such as digitalis, barbiturates,
others, and cardiac trauma or disease.
List six categories of antiarrhythmic drugs and give an example of each. -
ANS✔✔-Class IA- quinidine
Class IB- lidocaine
Class IC- flecainide
Class II- propranolol
Class III- bretylium
Class IV- diltiazem
List four vasodilator drugs and classify each as an arteriolar dilator, venodilator,
or mixed. - ANS✔✔-Hydralazine- arteriolar, nitroglycerin-venodilator, prozosin-
combined, enalapril- combined
Why is Lasix sometimes called a loop diuretic? - ANS✔✔-it inhibits reabsorption
of sodium in the loops of Henle
The use of many diuretics can lead to a dangerous loss of which electrolyte ____
- ANS✔✔-Potassium
List five ancillary methods of treatment for cardiovascular disease. - ANS✔✔-
Bronchodilation, oxygen therapy, sedation, asprin, centesis
_____ is characterized by the rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell through
channels, the slower influx of calcium ions, and the outflow of potassium ions -
ANS✔✔-Depolarization
The amount of blood that the heart is capable of pumping her minute is called
_____ - ANS✔✔-Cardiac output
, _____ results when the pumping ability of the heart is impaired to the extent
that sodium and water are retained in an effort to compensate for inadequate
cardiac output. - ANS✔✔-Congestive Heart Failure
ACE causes the conversion of ______ to ______. - ANS✔✔-angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
Define: Over-the-counter drug - ANS✔✔-One that may be purchased without
prescription from a veterinarian
Define: Prescription Drug - ANS✔✔-One that must be used under the supervision
of a veterinarina
Define: Receptor - ANS✔✔-a group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that
bind with a drug to produce an effect
Define: Therapeutic Index - ANS✔✔-expresses the relationship between a drug's
therapeutic and harmful effects
Define: Withdrawl Time - ANS✔✔-Amount of time that must elapse between the
end of drug therapy and elimination of that drug from patients tissues or
products
Define: Veterinarian-client-patient relationship - ANS✔✔-Relationship that must
exist between the vet, the patient, and the owner before prescription drugs can
be dispensed.
List 4 sources of drugs used in Vet Med - ANS✔✔-Animal product, plant material,
minerals, synthetic products
What are 4 components of a drug regimen? - ANS✔✔-Dose, route, frequency,
and duration of administration.
VETERINARY FINAL EXAM WITH 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS {GRADED A+}
LATEST UPDATE
Describe how antiparasitic drugs work - ANS✔✔-Antiparasitic drugs work by
destroying parasites or inhibiting their growth. Most work by interfering with the
parasite's nervous system to prevent them from moving.
Discuss why replacement drugs are often necessary for animal health - ANS✔✔-
Explain the veterinary technician's role in inventory control - ANS✔✔-keeping the
staff informed regarding discontinued items, knowing the dates on which
backordered items will be released from the vendor, packing up goods awaiting
return to the vendor (e.g., expired items), rotating stock correctly, maintaining
current prices on all products, organizing inventory for ease of location and
counting, receiving and inspecting orders on arrival at the veterinary facility, and
learning about new products.
Define: Agonist - ANS✔✔-Drug that has affinity for a receptor/stimulates
receptor into action
Define: Contraindication - ANS✔✔-A reason not to use a drug in a particular
situation
,Define: Efficacy - ANS✔✔-the degree to which a drug produces its desired
response.
Cardiac cells are connected by intercalated disks and a fusion of cell membranes
to form a _____ - ANS✔✔-Syncytium (interconnected mass)
Depolarizatoin of cardiac cells is characterized by a rapid influx of _____ ions, a
slower influx of _____ions and the outflow of _____ ions - ANS✔✔-Sodium
(Na+), Calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+)
A relatively long ______________________ is important to cardiac cells to
prevent a constant state of contraction from recycling impulses. - ANS✔✔-
Refractory period
Define chronotropic and inotropic effects in the relation to the heart. - ANS✔✔-
Chronotropic refers to the rate of contraction where inotropic refers to force of
contraction
Define preload and afterload in relation to the pumping mechanism of the heart.
- ANS✔✔-Preload is volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (amt of blood
that must be pumped out) and afterload is the resistance in the arteries that the
ventricle must overcome to pump blood.)
List the four basic compensatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system -
ANS✔✔-Increasing heart rate, increasing stroke volume, increasing efficiency of
heart muscle, heart enlargement
List five objectives of treatment for heart failure. - ANS✔✔-Control rhythm
disturbances, maintain or increase cardiac output, relieve fluid accumulations,
increase the O2 of bood, and provide O2/sedatives.
List four beneficial effects and one potential toxic effect of the use of the cardiac
glycosides. - ANS✔✔-Beneficial= improved cardiac contractility, decreased heart
rate, antiarrhythmic effect, decreased signs of dyspnea
Toxic= vomiting.
,Catecholamines such as epinephrine are used in veterinary cardiology primarily
for _____ - ANS✔✔-Stimulation of cardiac contraction in cardiac arrest
List five factors that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias - ANS✔✔-
Conditions that cause hypoxia, electrolyte imbalances, increased levels of
sensitivity to catecholamines, certain drugs such as digitalis, barbiturates,
others, and cardiac trauma or disease.
List six categories of antiarrhythmic drugs and give an example of each. -
ANS✔✔-Class IA- quinidine
Class IB- lidocaine
Class IC- flecainide
Class II- propranolol
Class III- bretylium
Class IV- diltiazem
List four vasodilator drugs and classify each as an arteriolar dilator, venodilator,
or mixed. - ANS✔✔-Hydralazine- arteriolar, nitroglycerin-venodilator, prozosin-
combined, enalapril- combined
Why is Lasix sometimes called a loop diuretic? - ANS✔✔-it inhibits reabsorption
of sodium in the loops of Henle
The use of many diuretics can lead to a dangerous loss of which electrolyte ____
- ANS✔✔-Potassium
List five ancillary methods of treatment for cardiovascular disease. - ANS✔✔-
Bronchodilation, oxygen therapy, sedation, asprin, centesis
_____ is characterized by the rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell through
channels, the slower influx of calcium ions, and the outflow of potassium ions -
ANS✔✔-Depolarization
The amount of blood that the heart is capable of pumping her minute is called
_____ - ANS✔✔-Cardiac output
, _____ results when the pumping ability of the heart is impaired to the extent
that sodium and water are retained in an effort to compensate for inadequate
cardiac output. - ANS✔✔-Congestive Heart Failure
ACE causes the conversion of ______ to ______. - ANS✔✔-angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
Define: Over-the-counter drug - ANS✔✔-One that may be purchased without
prescription from a veterinarian
Define: Prescription Drug - ANS✔✔-One that must be used under the supervision
of a veterinarina
Define: Receptor - ANS✔✔-a group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that
bind with a drug to produce an effect
Define: Therapeutic Index - ANS✔✔-expresses the relationship between a drug's
therapeutic and harmful effects
Define: Withdrawl Time - ANS✔✔-Amount of time that must elapse between the
end of drug therapy and elimination of that drug from patients tissues or
products
Define: Veterinarian-client-patient relationship - ANS✔✔-Relationship that must
exist between the vet, the patient, and the owner before prescription drugs can
be dispensed.
List 4 sources of drugs used in Vet Med - ANS✔✔-Animal product, plant material,
minerals, synthetic products
What are 4 components of a drug regimen? - ANS✔✔-Dose, route, frequency,
and duration of administration.
