Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 with Answers
1. action potential The process by which excitable cells transmit information
from one to another.
2. How is the ac- The ECF has more K+ ions. The membrane potential
tion potential al- becomes more positive (hypopolarized).
tered by a potas- Cells become MORE excitable.
sium imbalance? T waves peak.
(Hyperkalemia) QRS complexes widen.
Causes dysrhythmias, weakness, paresthesia.
{If membrane potential becomes equal to threshold po-
tential cardiac standstill occurs}
3. How is the ac- The ECF has less K+ ions. The membrane potential be-
tion potential al- comes more negative or hyper-polarized.
tered by a potas- The cell becomes less excitable, depolarization takes
sium imbalance? longer, and takes a stronger stimulus.
(Hypokalemia) Causes weakness, atony, cardiac dystrhythmias.
4. How is the action Increase in ECF calcium to >10.5 mg/dL. It decreases the
potential altered cell permeability to calcium.
by a calcium im- The cell becomes hyperpolarized (the distance between
balance? (hyper- membrane potential and threshold potential widens).
calemia) The cell is less excitable and take more stimulus to depo-
larize.
Causes: weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion,
shortened QT wave, depressed T wave.
5. How is the ac- Decreased ECF calcium <9.0 mg/dL. <5.5 ionized.
tion potential al- Increases the cell permeability to Na+. Resting mem-
tered by a cal- brane potential gets hypo-polarized.
cium imbalance? Cells become excitable and threshold and membrane
(hypocalemia) potential get closer.
Causes: tetany, hyperreflexia, parathesias, seizures, dys-
rhythmias.
6. Atrophy Catabolism of intracellular organelles causing a reduction
in the intracellular contents.
The cell shrinks
, Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 with Answers
-The thymus gland shrinks in childhood
-Disuse atrophy
7. hypertrophy Hormonal stimulation in response to increased demand
than causes an increase in cellular protien.
The cell gets larger - eventually causing the whole organ
to get larger.
-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the weight lifter.
-Cardiomegaly in response to hypertensive heart dis-
ease.
8. Hyperplasia Increase in the number of growth factor cell receptors
that activate cellular proliferation. Only happens in cell
capable of mitosis.
-Increased number of cells.
-Uterine and mammary glands in pregnancy.
-Increased production of endometrial cells due to estro-
gen/progesterone imbalance.
9. Dysplasia abnormal changes in cell size, shape or organization in
response to cell injury or irritation.
Not a true adaptive process.
-Cervical dysplasia.
10. Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
-Reversible, but can induce metestatic change.
-Result of chronic stressor to the cell.
-Chronic smokers who loose normal ciliated epithelial
cells (columnar) and the cells are replaced with squa-
mous cells.
-Barrett's esophagus: Normal esophogeal epithelial cells
are replaced with columnar type cells that are more like
the intestine to withstand the acidity of reflux.
11. hypoxic injury Most common type of cellular injury. Caused by lack of
oxygen, loss of hemoglobin, decrease in RBC produc-
tion, cardiopulmonary disease, ischemia and inflamma-
tion. Causes mitochondrial disfunction “ decreased ATP
production, ‘ anaerobic metabolism, metabolism ceases,
cell dies.
, Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 with Answers
-Ischemia progresses to hypoxia. Causes intracellular en-
zymes to show up in labs.
-Creatinine kinase - indicates muscle injury.
-LDH - muscle, liver, lungs, heart, RBCs and brain.
-AST - liver cells
-ALT - liver cells
-Troponin - heart
12. Reperfusion in- Occurs when O2 supply is restored to ischemic tissues.
jury Causes pH alterations.
Trigger reactive oxygen intermediates to be produced
causing cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calci-
um overload. Causes opening of MPTP allowing ATP to
escape causing apatosis.
13. Free radical and Caused by a molecule with one unpaired electron. They
Reactive Oxygen will steal from another electron and cause that electron
Species to become a free radical. ROS can overwhelm the mito-
chondria (they are a free radical subspecies)
-Caused by endothelial injury and leads to atherosclero-
sis.
-ROS have roles in Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinsons. ROS
cause lipid peroxidation and destroy the cell membrane.
Lipid peroxidation damages proteins and fragments DNA.
14. Ethanol Mood altering CNS depressant. Causes nutrient deficien-
cies - Magnesium, B6, folic acid, thiamine, phosphorous.
Causes inflammation, fatty liver, hepatomegaly and liver
failure.
-Metabolized by the liver to for acetyaldehyde in the cyto-
plasm of the cell.
-Eventually causes lactic acidosis which prevents gluco-
neogenesis, increases triglycerides and heapatsteatosis.
-Causes the utilization of Acetyl-CoA, causing ketoacido-
sis and hepatosteatosis.
15. Necrosis Cell death from damage or injury.
Rapid loss of cell membrane, organelle swelling, and
mitochondrial dysfunction.
-Leads to autolysis (complete autodigestion)
1. action potential The process by which excitable cells transmit information
from one to another.
2. How is the ac- The ECF has more K+ ions. The membrane potential
tion potential al- becomes more positive (hypopolarized).
tered by a potas- Cells become MORE excitable.
sium imbalance? T waves peak.
(Hyperkalemia) QRS complexes widen.
Causes dysrhythmias, weakness, paresthesia.
{If membrane potential becomes equal to threshold po-
tential cardiac standstill occurs}
3. How is the ac- The ECF has less K+ ions. The membrane potential be-
tion potential al- comes more negative or hyper-polarized.
tered by a potas- The cell becomes less excitable, depolarization takes
sium imbalance? longer, and takes a stronger stimulus.
(Hypokalemia) Causes weakness, atony, cardiac dystrhythmias.
4. How is the action Increase in ECF calcium to >10.5 mg/dL. It decreases the
potential altered cell permeability to calcium.
by a calcium im- The cell becomes hyperpolarized (the distance between
balance? (hyper- membrane potential and threshold potential widens).
calemia) The cell is less excitable and take more stimulus to depo-
larize.
Causes: weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion,
shortened QT wave, depressed T wave.
5. How is the ac- Decreased ECF calcium <9.0 mg/dL. <5.5 ionized.
tion potential al- Increases the cell permeability to Na+. Resting mem-
tered by a cal- brane potential gets hypo-polarized.
cium imbalance? Cells become excitable and threshold and membrane
(hypocalemia) potential get closer.
Causes: tetany, hyperreflexia, parathesias, seizures, dys-
rhythmias.
6. Atrophy Catabolism of intracellular organelles causing a reduction
in the intracellular contents.
The cell shrinks
, Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 with Answers
-The thymus gland shrinks in childhood
-Disuse atrophy
7. hypertrophy Hormonal stimulation in response to increased demand
than causes an increase in cellular protien.
The cell gets larger - eventually causing the whole organ
to get larger.
-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the weight lifter.
-Cardiomegaly in response to hypertensive heart dis-
ease.
8. Hyperplasia Increase in the number of growth factor cell receptors
that activate cellular proliferation. Only happens in cell
capable of mitosis.
-Increased number of cells.
-Uterine and mammary glands in pregnancy.
-Increased production of endometrial cells due to estro-
gen/progesterone imbalance.
9. Dysplasia abnormal changes in cell size, shape or organization in
response to cell injury or irritation.
Not a true adaptive process.
-Cervical dysplasia.
10. Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
-Reversible, but can induce metestatic change.
-Result of chronic stressor to the cell.
-Chronic smokers who loose normal ciliated epithelial
cells (columnar) and the cells are replaced with squa-
mous cells.
-Barrett's esophagus: Normal esophogeal epithelial cells
are replaced with columnar type cells that are more like
the intestine to withstand the acidity of reflux.
11. hypoxic injury Most common type of cellular injury. Caused by lack of
oxygen, loss of hemoglobin, decrease in RBC produc-
tion, cardiopulmonary disease, ischemia and inflamma-
tion. Causes mitochondrial disfunction “ decreased ATP
production, ‘ anaerobic metabolism, metabolism ceases,
cell dies.
, Advanced Patho NURS 5315 exam 1 with Answers
-Ischemia progresses to hypoxia. Causes intracellular en-
zymes to show up in labs.
-Creatinine kinase - indicates muscle injury.
-LDH - muscle, liver, lungs, heart, RBCs and brain.
-AST - liver cells
-ALT - liver cells
-Troponin - heart
12. Reperfusion in- Occurs when O2 supply is restored to ischemic tissues.
jury Causes pH alterations.
Trigger reactive oxygen intermediates to be produced
causing cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calci-
um overload. Causes opening of MPTP allowing ATP to
escape causing apatosis.
13. Free radical and Caused by a molecule with one unpaired electron. They
Reactive Oxygen will steal from another electron and cause that electron
Species to become a free radical. ROS can overwhelm the mito-
chondria (they are a free radical subspecies)
-Caused by endothelial injury and leads to atherosclero-
sis.
-ROS have roles in Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinsons. ROS
cause lipid peroxidation and destroy the cell membrane.
Lipid peroxidation damages proteins and fragments DNA.
14. Ethanol Mood altering CNS depressant. Causes nutrient deficien-
cies - Magnesium, B6, folic acid, thiamine, phosphorous.
Causes inflammation, fatty liver, hepatomegaly and liver
failure.
-Metabolized by the liver to for acetyaldehyde in the cyto-
plasm of the cell.
-Eventually causes lactic acidosis which prevents gluco-
neogenesis, increases triglycerides and heapatsteatosis.
-Causes the utilization of Acetyl-CoA, causing ketoacido-
sis and hepatosteatosis.
15. Necrosis Cell death from damage or injury.
Rapid loss of cell membrane, organelle swelling, and
mitochondrial dysfunction.
-Leads to autolysis (complete autodigestion)
