NUR612 Adv. Patho Module 6 - Neurology Test Study Guide

NUR612 Adv. Patho Module 6 - Neurology Test Study Guide Functions of the Nervous System - Answer 1. Controls skeletal muscle mo vement 2. Helps to regulate cardiac and visceral smooth muscle activity. 3. Enables the reception, integration, and perception of sensory inf ormation. 4. Provides the substratum necessary for intelligence, anticipatio n, and judgment. 5. Facilitates adjustment to an ever-changing external environment . Components of the Nervous System - Answer - Central Nervous System (CNS) - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answer Consists of the brain and spinal cord "Control Center" Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Answer Found outside the str uctures of the CNS Functions as an input-output system for relaying information to t he CNS and transmits output messages that control effector organs "robot - does wha t the control center tells it to" cephalic portion - Answer Development begins as a hollow tube and th e ____________ becomes the brain. caudal part - Answer Development begins as a hollow tube and the __________ __ becomes the spinal cord. Neural Tube Defects - Answer Where the neural tube does not clo se completely somewhere along its length. They can occur in the brain, spine, or spinal column of a developing embryo. Craniorachischis - Answer Completely open brain and spinal cord Ancencephaly - Answer Open brain and lack of skull vault Encephalocele (cephalocele) - Answer Herniation of brain an d meninges through a cranial defect. Iniencephaly - Answer Occipital skull and spine defects with extre me retroflexion of the head (Rare) Spina bifida occulta - Answer Closed asymptomatic NTD in which some of the vertebrae are not completely closed Closed spinal cord dysraphism - Answer Def. of at least two vertebr al arches, covered with lipoma Meningocele - Answer Protrusion of the meninges (filled with CS F) through a defect in the skull or spine Myelomeningocele (spina bifida) - Answer Open spinal cord (with a meningeal cyst) Horns of the Spinal Cord - Answer - Dorsal horns (posterior) - Ventral horns (anterior) Dorsal horns - Answer those that extend posteriorly Contain IA neurons that receive afferent impulses through the do rsal roots and other connecting neurons Ventral horns - Answer those that extend anteriorly Contain OA neurons and the efferent LMNs that leave the cord th rough the ventral roots. Four columns of afferent (sensory) neurons in the dorsal root : - Answer 1. Special somatic afferent 2. General somatic afferent 3. Special visceral afferent 4. General visceral afferent Special somatic afferent - Answer Concerned with internal sensory i nformation (proprioception). vision, hearing, vestibular function General somatic afferent - Answer Innervate the skin and respo nd to stimuli such as those that produce pressure or pain. impulses from skin, muscles, etc. Special visceral afferent - Answer Innervate specialized gut-rel ated receptors, such as taste buds and receptors of the olfactory taste and smell General visceral afferent - Answer Innervate visceral structures such as gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, heart, and great vessels Structures and Functions of the Brain - Answer - Cerebellum - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Corpus Callosum - Basal Ganglia Cerebellum - Answer Contribute to all movements, receives proprioce ption, control of muscle movement. Ex. Signals stop movement precisely at intended point. Thalamus - Answer Coordination & integration of peripheral sens ory stimuli Ex. A person can recover from a deep coma & remember some of what was sa id at bedside Hypothalamus - Answer Area of master-level integration of homest atic control of the body's internal environment. Ex. Maintenance of blood gas concentrations, water balance, f ood consumption. Corpus Callosum - Answer Connects the 2 sides of the brain Basal Ganglia - Answer Supply axial and proximal unlearned and lear ned postures and movements (associated movements) Ex. Arm swinging during walking and running. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - Answer Provides supporting and protectiv e fluid for the brain and spinal cord. Helps maintain a constant ionic environment that serves as medium fo r diffusion of nutrients, electrolytes, and metabolic end products. Support the mass of the brain. CSF-brain barrier - Answer Oxygen & carbon dioxide move throug h by diffusion. Water by osmosis. Lipids & nonpeptide hormones diffuse through barrier easily. Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) - Answer Permits passage of essential substanc es while excluding unwanted materials. Large molecules, proteins & peptides, are largely excluded from cro ssing. Acute cerebral lesions, such as trauma/infection, increase permea bility of the blood-brain barrier and alter brain concentrations of protei n, water, & electrolytes. Prevents many drugs from entering the brain. Alcohol, nicotine, & heroin - Answer are very lipid soluble and enter b rain easily. Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) - Answer Most h ighly water-soluble compounds are excluded from the brain 12 Cranial Nerves - Answer 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal Olfactory (CN1) function: - Answer smell Optic (CN II) function - Answer vision