PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231 MODULE 3 EXAM

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231 MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Question 1 0 / 0 pts What is innate immunity? Your Answer: Innate immunity is the first line of defense, also called natural immunity. This type of defense is in place before an infection takes place and can function immediately. It is comprised of physical, chemical, cellular, and molecular defenses. Innate immunity, also called natural immunity, is the first line of defense. This type of defense is in place before an infection takes place and can function immediately. It is comprised of physical, chemical, cellular, and molecular defenses. Question 2 0 / 0 pts How does the skin act as a physical barrier? Your Answer: The skin's design makes it a strong physical barrier. It has closely packed cells in multiple layers that are continuously being shed. Keratin covers the skin, which creates a salty, acidic environment inhospitable to microbes. It also contains antimicrobial proteins and lysozymes that inhibit microorganisms and help to destroy them. The skin’s design makes it a strong physical barrier. It has closely packed cells in multiple layers that are continuously being shed. Keratin covers the skin, which creates a salty, acidic environment inhospitable to microbes. It also contains antimicrobial proteins and lysozymes that inhibit microorganisms and help to destroy them. Question 3 0 / 0 pts What cells are involved in innate immunity? Your Answer: The cells responsible for this response include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes. The cells responsible for this response include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), natural killer (NK) cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Question 4 0 / 0 pts Describe each type of leukocyte and explain their function: Your Answer: Neutrophils are the most abundant in the body and are an early responder in innate immunity and use phagocytosis to kill microbes. Eosinophils are active in parasitic infections and allergic responses. Basophils release histamine and proteolytic enzymes. Monocytes are the largest in size and are released from the bone marrow and mature into macrophages and dendritic cells where they engage in the inflammatory response and phagocytize foreign substances and cellular debris. Macrophages have a long life span, reside in the tissues, and are the first phagocyte that organisms encounter. Neutrophils and macrophages work together on behalf of the host's initial defense system. Neutrophils are the most abundant in the body and are an early responder in innate immunity and use phagocytosis to kill microbes. Eosinophils are active in parasitic infections and allergic responses. Basophils release histamine and proteolytic enzymes. Monocytes are the largest in size and are released from the bone marrow and mature into macrophages and dendritic cells where they engage in the inflammatory response and phagocytize foreign substances and cellular debris. Macrophages have a long life span, reside in the tissues, and are the first phagocyte that organisms encounter. Neutrophils and macrophages work together on behalf of the host’s initial defense system. Question 5 0 / 0 pts Describe adaptive immunity: Your Answer: Adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, also known as acquired immunity. It includes both humoral and cellular mechanisms that respond to cell-specific substances known as antigens. Adaptive immunity is acquired through previous exposure to infections and other foreign agents. It cannot only distinguish self from non-self but can recognize and destroy specific foreign agents based on their different antigenic properties. This response takes more time but is extremely effective. Adaptive immunity, also called acquired immunity, is the second line of defense and includes both humoral and cellular mechanisms that respond to cell-specific substances known as antigens. Adaptive immunity is acquired through previous exposure to infections and other foreign agents. It can not only distinguish self from nonself but can recognize and destroy specific foreign agents based on their different antigenic properties. This response takes more time but is extremely effective. Question 6 0 / 0 pts What are antigens? Your Answer: Antigens are present on the surface of pathogens or other foreign substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. Antigens are present on the surface of pathogens or other foreign substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. Question 7 0 / 0 pts What are the primary cells of adaptive immunity? Your Answer: The primary cells of the adaptive immune system are lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells - APCs, and effector cells. The primary cells of the adaptive immune system are the lymphocytes, APCs (antigen presenting cells), and effector cells. Question 8 0 / 0 pts Describe B & T lymphocytes and discuss their role in immunity: Your Answer: B lymphocytes produce the antibodies (humoral immunity) and T lymphocytes provide the cellmediated immunity. B and T lymphocytes have the unique function as the only cells to recognize specific antigens present on the surface of pathogens and to remember them in the future. B lymphocytes produce the antibodies (humoral immunity) and T lymphocytes provide the cellmediated immunity. B and T lymphocytes have the unique function as the only cells to recognize specific antigens present on the surface of pathogens and to remember them in the future. Refer to table 3.1 to understand the difference between innate and adaptive immunity. Question 9 0 / 0 pts What is the function of humoral immunity? Your Answer: B lymphocytes function to produce antibodies in humoral immunity. B lymphocytes function in humoral immunity to produce antibodies. Be familiar with the 5 classes of immunoglobulins. Question 10 0 / 0 pts What is the function of cellular immunity? Your Answer: T lymphocytes activate other T and B cells, control intracellular viral infections, reject foreign tissue grafts, activate autoimmune processes, and activate delayed hypersensitivity reactions in cellular immunity. T lymphocytes make up the cellular immunity and function to activate other T and B cells, control intracellular viral infections, reject foreign tissue grafts, activate autoimmune processes, and activate delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Question 11 0 / 0 pts What is the master regulator of the immune system? Your Answer: CD4+ helper T cells. CD4+ helper T cells Question 12 0 / 0 pts Describe the differences between active and passive immunity? Your Answer: Active immunity is acquired from an immune response either via vaccination or from environmental exposure. It is long lasting but takes days to weeks after the first exposure to fully develop a response. Passive immunity is immunity transferred from another source. The most common example is from mother to fetus, where the IgG antibodies are passed on either via placenta or breast milk or colostrum. It is short-term protection lasting only weeks to months. Active immunity is acquired from an immune response either via vaccination or from environmental exposure. Active immunity is long lasting but takes days to weeks after the first exposure to fully develop a response. Passive immunity is immunity transferred from another source. The most common example is from mother to fetus, where the IgG antibodies are passed on either via the placenta or breast milk or colostrum. Passive immunity is short-term protection lasting only weeks to months. Question 13 0 / 0 pts What are type I hypersensitivity reactions? Your Answer: IgE-mediated reactions that develop quickly upon exposure to an antigen. IgE-mediated reactions that develop quickly upon exposure to an antigen. Question 14 0 / 0 pts What cells are involved in type I reactions? (Know their roles.) Your Answer: Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils are involved in type I reactions. They contain the chemical mediator histamine. Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play an important role in the development of type I reactions because they contain the chemical mediator histamine. Be familiar with the different types of type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis) and their treatments. Question 15 0 / 0 pts What are type II hypersensitivity reactions? Your Answer: Type II hypersensitivity reactions are antibody-mediated reactions. They are mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues. It is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions. Type II hypersensitivity reactions, or cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions, are antibody-mediated reactions. They are mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues. Question 16 0 / 0 pts What are autoimmune disorders? Your Answer: Autoimmune disorders occur when the body's immune system fails to differentiate self-antigens from non-self antigens and mounts an immunologic response against host tissues. Autoimmune diseases occur when the body’s immune system fails to differentiate self-antigens from nonself antigens and mounts an immunologic response against host tissues. Question 17 0 / 0 pts What is self-tolerance? Your Answer: The ability to distinguish self from non-self. The ability to distinguish self from non-self is termed self-tolerance. Question 18 0 / 0 pts What is autoreactivity? Your Answer: Autoreactivity describes an organism acting against its own tissue. Autoreactivity is the term that describes an organism acting against its own tissue. Question 19 0 / 0 pts What is anergy? Your Answer: When the loss of lymphocyte response to an antigen occurs and causes a lack of cellular and/or humoral immunologic response. It is the state of immunologic tolerance to specific antigens. When the loss of lymphocyte response to an antigen occurs and causes a lack of cellular and/or humoral immunologic response, this is called anergy. Anergy is the state of immunologic tolerance to specific antigens. Question 20 0 / 0 pts What are autoantibodies? Your Answer: The immune system loses it ability to recognize self and produces autoantibodies. They are antibodies that mistakenly target and react with a person's own tissues or organs. They can directly destroy cells that have the substances on them. In many autoimmune diseases, the immune system loses its ability to recognize self and produces what is called autoantibodies. Question 21 0 / 0 pts What are positive and negative selection? Your Answer: In a positive selection, T cells during maturation in the thymus encounter self-peptides bound to MHC molecules. The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature. In a negative selection, the T cells that have a high affinity for host cells are sorted out and undergo apoptosis. During maturation in the thymus, T cells encounter self-peptides bound to MHC molecules. The T cells that display the host’s MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed positive selection. The T cells that have a high affinity for host cells are sorted out and undergo apoptosis, called negative selection. Question 22 0 / 0 pts What are the 2 general causes of autoimmune diseases? Your Answer: Genetic and environmental factors. Genetic and environmental factors Question 23 0 / 0 pts How do you diagnose an autoimmune disease? Your Answer: Diagnosis is made by history, physical, and serological findings. The following criteria must be met: evidence of an autoimmune reaction, the immunologic findings are not secondary to another condition, and no other identifiable causes are found. Diagnosis is made by history, physical, and serological findings. The following criteria must be met: evidence of an autoimmune reaction, the immunologic findings are not secondary to another condition, and no other identifiable causes are found. Question 24 0 / 0 pts What is Graves’ disease? Your Answer: It is an abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by thyroid-stimulating antibodies that act through the normal TSH receptors. It is a state of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and ophthalmopathy. It is an abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSH receptor antibodies) that act through the normal TSH receptors. It is a state of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and ophthalmopathy. Question 25 0 / 0 pts What is SLE? Your Answer: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory disease termed the great imitator because it can affect almost any organ system. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease termed the great imitator because it can affect almost any organ system. Question 26 0 / 0 pts What is HIV? Your Answer: HIV is a retrovirus that selectively attacks the CD4+ T lymphocytes, the immune cells responsible for coordinating the immune response to infection. Because of this, people with HIV infection are more susceptible to sever infections with ordinarily harmless organisms. HIV is a retrovirus that selectively attacks the CD4+ T lymphocytes, the immune cells responsible for coordinating the immune response to infection. Because of this, people with HIV infection are more susceptible to severe infections with ordinarily harmless organisms. Question 27 0 / 0 pts How is HIV spread? Your Answer: HIV is transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact, blood-to-blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. HIV is not spread via saliva or casual contact. HIV is transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact, blood-to-blood contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. HIV is not spread via saliva or causal contact. Question 28 0 / 0 pts What is seroconversion? Your Answer: Seroconversion is the term when an infected person's blood converts from being negative for HIV antibodies to being positive. Seroconversion is the term when an infected person’s blood converts from being negative for HIV antibodies to being positive. Question 29 0 / 0 pts What is the window period? Your Answer: The time between infection and seroconversion. The time between infection and seroconversion is called the window period. Be familiar with the signs and symptoms of acute (primary phase) HIV infection- refer to chart 3.3. Question 30 0 / 0 pts What is the latent and last phase of HIV infection? Your Answer: The latent phase is characterized by no signs or symptoms of illness. The last phase occurs when the CD4+ cell count falls to less than 200 cells/uL or exhibits and AIDS-defining illness. The latent phase is characterized by no signs or symptoms of illness. The last phase, or AIDS illness, occurs when the CD4+ cell count falls to less than 200 cells/µL or exhibits an AIDSdefining illness. Question 31 0 / 0 pts What are opportunistic infections? Your Answer: Opportunistic infections are those common organisms that do not produce infection without impaired immune function. Opportunistic infections are those common organisms that do not produce infection without impaired immune function. Question 32 0 / 0 pts Describe the different diagnostic methods for HIV. Your Answer: The best diagnostic method to detect HIV is the HIV antibody text, known as the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or ELISA. If positive, it is followed by the confirmatory test, the Western blot assay. The EIA detects antibodies produced in response to HIV infection. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is a nucleic acid test that can detect HIV DNA. It tests for the presence of the virus, rather than the antibody, which is helpful in diagnosing HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers. These infants would have their mother's antibodies whether or not they have been infected. The best diagnostic method to detect HIV is the HIV antibody test, known as the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or ELISA. If positive, it is followed by the confirmatory test, the Western blot assay. The EIA detects antibodies produced in response to HIV infection. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is a nucleic acid test that can detect HIV DNA. It tests for the presence of the virus, rather than the antibody, which is helpful in diagnosing HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers. These infants would have their mother’s antibodies whether or not they have been infected. Question 33 0 / 0 pts What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? Your Answer: Rubor - redness caused by dilation of vessels. Tumor - swell due to extravascular accumulation of fluid. Calor - heat caused by increase blood flow. Dolor - pain due to increased pressure from accumulation of fluid and mediators. Functio lasesa - loss of function. Rubor – redness (caused by dilation of vessels) Tumor – swelling (due to extravascular accumulation of fluid) Calor – heat (caused by increased blood flow) Dolor – pain (d/t increased pressure from accumulation of fluid and mediators) Functio laesa – loss of function Question 34 0 / 0 pts What are the 2 phases of acute inflammation? Your Answer: Vascular and cellular phase. Vascular and cellular phase Question 35 0 / 0 pts What are the steps in the cellular phase? Your Answer: Adhesion and margination, transmigration, and chemotaxes. Adhesion and margination, transmigration, and chemotaxes Question 36 0 / 0 pts Describe the process of chronic inflammation and discuss how it often develops. Your Answer: Chronic inflammation may result from recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process o