BIO-322 PATHO EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Aneurysm CAUSES Arterial bulging Causes- 1. Brain- Berry Aneurysm (BB) - age, smoking, HTN 2. Abdominal Aorta Aneurysm (AAA) - Atherosclerosis (fatty deposits), smoking, HTN Aneurysm S/S 1. Brain - headaches, eye pain, visual changes, numbness/weakness in face as bulge pushes on cranial nerves 2. Abdominal Aorta - pain in abdomen and back (patient complains of headache that won't go away) Bleeding Disorders Testing Clotting factor made by the liver 1. PTT test (instrinsic) 2. PT test (extrinsic) 3. Bleeding test time (Von Willebrand) aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) Factors (XII, XI, VIII, IX) Causes: 1. Liver disease decreases production of factors, increase PTT 2. Too much heparin (blood thinners) 3. Run PTT to know dosage PT (partial thromboplastin time) Factors (VII, V, X) Normal- 11-15 seconds Causes: 1. Vitamin K deficient, synthesis of factor II (prothrombin) 2. Liver disease, site of synthesis of plasma protein factors 3. Coumadin (Warfarin) prolonged Bleeding Time Test 1. Platelet problem 2. Von Willebrand 3. PTT/PT normal Hemophilia Type A clotting factor VII (8) Type B clotting factor IX (9) Increased APTT Von Willebrand's Disease Varied genetics- autosomal dominant - Easy bruising, bleeding - Inadequate platelet plug prolongs bleeding test time - Platelets won't adhere to each other, missing VWF protein - Normal APTT and PT tests DIC "death is coming" Hypercoagulation (clotting) and hemorrhage (bleeding out) 1. clotting leads to ischemia 2. clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors Causes: 1. Sepsis (infection of cells lining blood vessels) 2. Burns, major trauma S/S: 1. bleeding, bruising 2. hypotension with tachycardia (low BP, high HR) 3. thrombocytopenia (low platelets) Testing 1. INCREASE- PT, PTT, D-dimer 2. DECREASE: platelets, fibrinogen Trigger = tissue factor