EEMB 2: EVOLUTION FINAL STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS RATED 100% CORRECT!!

EEMB 2: EVOLUTION FINAL STUDY GUIDE Adaptive Radiation - An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species Allele - An alternative form of a gene. Allele Frequency - Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool in comparison to the total number of alleles allopatric speciation - The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. allopolyploidy - a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species Alpha (origination rate) - # of new species Analogous Traits - similar characteristics resulting from convergent evolution, therefore not derived from a common ancestor Anisogamy - Refers to a difference in gamete size in males and females. Eggs large and costly, sperm small and cheap Antagonistic coevolution - - the relationship between males and females where sexual morphology changes over time to counteract the opposite's sex traits to achieve the maximum reproductive success. - intraspecific ex: sperm and egg - interspecific ex: predator -prey Artificial Selection - Selective breeding for domesticated plants and animals Autopolyploidy - an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species Background Extinction - gradual process of a species becoming extinct balancing selection - Natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population. Biological Species Concept (BSC) - Defines species as groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated Calculate allele frequencies given genotype frequencies. - Describe. Calculate Hardy Weinberg genotype frequencies for 2 alleles. - Describe steps Calculate standing diversity and turnover rate across geologic time - Standing Diversity: Diversity @ T0 + speciations - extinctions Turnover rate: speciations + extinctions Clade - an ancestor species and all of its descendants Coevolution - process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other Compare and contrast background extinction and mass extinctions. - Background Extinction: - small number of species will go extinct at any point across geologic time - gradual process of extinction - number of species that would be expected to go extinct over a period of time Mass Extinction: - rare events - periods of high numbers of extinctions; - requires global events; - 50% of more of marine species become extinct Compare and contrast macroevolution and microevolution. - Microevolution: evolution below the species level - changes in gene pool over time which MAY lead up to speciation Macroevolution: evolution above the species level - caused by patterns of speciation and extinction - not observable and experiments are not possible - mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection + 3.8 billion years Consensus Tree - A phylogenetic tree that has all the features shared by the equally parisimonious cladograms in a study, while leaving conflicts unresolved Continuous Variation - Variation measured on a continuum rather than in discrete units or categories (eg height in human beings). Contrast Darwin's theory of evolution to Lamarcks theory - Darwin: focused more on adaptation over many generations; natural selection (ex. finch beak sizes) Lamarck: theory of use and disuse (ex. giraffe necks) Contrast gradualism with the punctuated equilibrium model. - Gradualism: - gradual change - changes in species is slow and gradual, occurring in small periodic changes in the gene pool