NUR 439 Exam 3 With Complete Solution

NUR 439 Exam 3 Wi th Compl ete So lution 1. Infectious Agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of Exit 4. Most of Transmission 5. Portal of Entry 6. Host Susceptibility - What are the parts of the Cycle of Transmission for communicable disease? Infectious Agent - __________ __________: Disease causing pathogen or microorganism Bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc . - What are the types of infectious agents? TB, HSV, tinea pedis, tapeworms, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - What are some examples of the types of infectious agents? Infectivity - __________: Ability of an agent to invade a host and replicate Pathogenicity - __________: Ability to produce disease in a host Virulence - __________: Ability to produce serious disease in a host Antigenicity - __________: Ability to stimulate an immune response in host Toxigenicity - __________: Ability to produce a toxin in host Reservoir - __________: Environment in where the agent resides reservoirs - People, animals, food, water, and other organic substances are all examples of: Portal of Exit - __________ _____ __________: How the agent leaves its reservoir portal of exit - Blood, body fluids, airborne droplets, and skin are all examples of a: Mode of Transmission - __________ _____ __________: How the agent gets from one host to another Direct, Indirect, Airborne - Name the three main Modes of Transmission. Direct - This type of transmission is due to an immediate person- to-person transfer. It may be through direct physical contact like sexual transmission or skin-to-skin contact. It may also be by the direct projection of droplet ray onto the conjunctiva or the mucous membrane of the eye, nose, or mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing, or talking. Vehicle-borne and vector-borne - Name the two types of indirect transmission of communicable disease. Vehicle-borne - This type of indirect transmission is caused by contaminated inanimate objects: water, food, milk; biological products including blood and body fluids; or any substance serving as an intermediate means that transports an agent to a host. The agent may or may not have manipulated or developed. Vector-borne - This type of indirect transmission is caused by biological or mechanical means. Biological occurs when something carries disease as a part of its lifecycle (i.e., Mosquitos and malaria). Mechanical occurs when something carries disease from one source to another without multiplication or growth (i.e., Fly food contamination). Fomite - __________: Contaminated inanimate object Airborne - This type of transmission is due to dissemination of microbial aerosols to portal of entry, usually respiratory tract. Microbial aerosols are suspensions of particles in the air and may remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. Droplet Nuclei - __________ __________: Usually the small residues that result from evaporation of fluid from droplets emitted by an infected host Dust - __________: The small particles that may arise from soil, clothes, bedding, or floors Portal of Entr y - __________ _____ __________: How the agent enters the new host Nonintact skin and mucous membrane - What are the two main routes for portal of entry? Host Susceptibility - __________ __________: Any person who can "catch" an illness or communicable disease FALSE (Host susceptibility is not equal and depends on biological characteristics, general health status, and immune system/immunity.) - True or False: All hosts are equally susceptible. Age - What is one biological characteristic that influences host susceptibility? Host, agent, environment - What is the Epidemiological Triad? Changes to the host, agent, and/or environment are factors that influence emerging infection - How does the Epidemiological Triad relate to communicable disease? Host - Human susceptibility to infection and human demographics and behavior are examples of change to the __________, which is part of the Epidemiological Triad. Agent - Microbial susceptibility to infection is an example of change to the __________, which is part of the Epidemiological Triad. Environment - Climate and weather, changing ecosystems, international travel and commerce, and war and famine are examples of change to the __________, which is part of the Epidemiological Triad. Emerging Infectious Disease - __________ __________ __________: Newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease, or the reappearance of a known infectious disease after its decline (i.e., SARS, Avian flu, H1N1, West Nile Virus, TB, etc.) Ebola, Covid-19, Monkeypox - What are some more recent examples of emerging infectious diseases? Resistance and immunity (natural, artificial, herd) - What are the principles of immunity? Resistance - __________: Ability to ward off infection Immunity - __________: Resistance to specific pathogens Active - Is this Active or Passive Natural Immunity?