BIO 169 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed

BIO 169 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed What functions does the endocrine system perform? It oversees vital processes including reproduction, metabolic regulation, development, fluid and electrolyte balance, and stress management. What are paracrine signals, and what are their characteristics? These are local hormones that affect nearby cells by diffusing through the surrounding fluid. They are highly effective, secreted in minimal quantities as needed, and are rapidly broken down. Can you identify some steroid hormones? Examples of steroid hormones include testosterone, various estrogens, aldosterone, and cortisol. Which hormone helps with Vitamin D absorption and enhances calcium uptake? Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). 2 Which hormones are crucial for controlling the basal metabolic rate? Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Which hormone is responsible for regulating the body's internal clock? Melatonin. From which gland is ADH released? The pituitary gland. Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to retain water, secrete sodium, and expel potassium? Aldosterone. What gland produces calcitonin? The thyroid gland. What characterizes Type II diabetes, and what factors are associated with it? 3 Type II diabetes, also known as adult-onset diabetes, typically arises later in life, is not insulin-dependent, involves a reduction in insulin receptor sensitivity, and is frequently linked to obesity. What is Type I diabetes, and what causes it? Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system targets and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin production. It is commonly referred to as juvenile diabetes. What are some examples of nonsteroidal hormones? Nonsteroidal hormones include norepinephrine and epinephrine (amines), Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Growth Hormone (GH), and Prolactin (PRL) (protein hormones), Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (glycoproteins), as well as Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Oxytocin (OT), Thyrotropin- Releasing Hormone (TRH), Somatostatin (SS), and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) (peptides). What are the secondary messengers used in hormone signaling? Common secondary messengers include Cyclic AMP (cAMP), Cyclic GMP (cGMP), and Diacylglycerol (DAG).