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Greek philosopher (460 and 370 BC) - Emphasized: - Role of the environment as an influence on people's health and health status - Environmental and climatic factors are influential in human health - Air carries disease - correct answer Hippocrates Linked a cholera outbreak in London to contaminated water from the Thames River in the mid-1800s • Employed a "natural experiment" method • His methodology is used currently in studies of environmental health problems - correct answer John Snow First who described an environmental cause of cancer • Chimney sweeps + soot => scrotal cancer - correct answer Sir Percival Pott one of the founders of modern toxicology • Worked during early 16th century • His contributions: ▫ concept of the dose-response relationship ▫ target organ specificity - correct answer Paracelesus Advocated for residents of Hinkley, California, against a power company accused of polluting the town's water with chromium (VI) - correct answer Erin Brochovick What is? Physical, chemical, and biological factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and determine its form and survival • Social and cultural forces that shape the life of a person or a population - correct answer environment 3 P's - correct answer Pollution • Population • Poverty Pollution does what - correct answer Combustion of fossil fuels causes: ▫ Emission of air pollutants ▫ Global warming ▫ Change in distribution of insect vectors Population will - correct answer will reach 10-12 billion during 21st century Consequence of overcrowding - correct answer • Epidemics of Infectious Diseases: ▫ Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus ▫ Swine flu (H1N1 influenza): In U.S., TFR is - correct answer 2.0 to 2.1 births per woman Natural population replacement rate is estimated to be - correct answer 2.1 ___ is a Shift in Morbidity and Mortality like Infectious and Communicable Diseases ->>>Chronic and Degenerative Diseases - correct answer Epidemiologic Transition environment risk transition - correct answer Before transition occurs, poor quality of: ◦ Food ◦ Air ◦ Water Changes in environmental risks as a consequence of economic development in the less developed regions of the world After transition, a new set of environmental problems • Acid rain • Ozone-depleting chemicals • Greenhouse gases What is • The study of diseases and health conditions (occurring in the population) that are linked to environmental factors • Focuses on: ▫ distribution ▫ causes of disease ▫ developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease *These exposures usually are involuntary - correct answer Environmental Epidemiology Natural experiment - correct answer from john snow "the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms - correct answer toxicology one of the founders of modern toxicology - correct answer paracelsus toxicology rules - correct answer *All substances are poisons • There is none that is not a poison • The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy Poison - correct answer • Any agent capable of producing an adverse response (injury, sickness or death) in a biological system Toxicity - correct answer • Degree to which something is poisonous • Related to a material's physical and chemical properties Dose - correct answer • Amount of a substance administered at one time Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) - correct answer • Dosage (mg/kg body weight) causing death in 50 percent of exposed animals • Used to compare the toxicities of different chemicals Dose-Response Relationship - correct answer • Relationship between characteristics of exposure to a chemical and the spectrum of effects caused by the chemical Additive = - correct answer means that the combination of two chemicals produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects added together Synergism= - correct answer indicates that the combined effect of exposures to two or more chemicals is greater than the sum of their individual effects 2 + 2 ≠ 4 • Antagonism= - correct answer means that "two chemicals administered together interfere with each other's actions or one interferes with the action of the other" Potentiation= - correct answer happens when one chemical that is not toxic causes another chemical to become more toxic Acute - - correct answer usually a single exposure for less than 24 hours • Subacute - - correct answer exposure for one month or less • Subchronic - - correct answer exposure for one to three months • Chronic - - correct answer exposure for more than three months The precautionary principle • Environmental justice • Environmental sustainability • The polluter-pays principle - correct answer ? ? ? Cuyahoga River Fire - correct answer 1952 in ohio. due to water pollution > clean water act superfund - correct answer Gave power to EPA to seek out those responsible for any release and assure their cooperation in the cleanup is the federal government's program to clean up the nation's uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. We're committed to ensuring that remaining National Priorities List hazardous waste sites are cleaned up to protect the environment and the health of all Americans love canal - correct answer niagara falls toxic waste in water leading to birth defects Zoonosis - correct answer • Infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from animals to humans Methods for Transmission of Zoonoses - correct answer Contact with the skin Ingestion Bite or scratch from an animal Direct inhalation or ingestion Bite of an arthropod vector Vector - correct answer • Insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual (or its waste) to a susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings Vector-Borne Diseases - correct answer • Malaria • Leishmaniasis • Plague • Lyme disease • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever • Rabies • Giardiasis • Encephalitis Plague Bubonic plague; Pneumonic plague; Septicemic plague - correct answer Caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis