HPA 310 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

HPA 310 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS What is population health? How is it different than the medical model? - ANS-Population health: examines & addresses broader factor (asks WHY) Medical model: "sickness care system", quick fix Population health determinants and examples: - ANS-Policymaking: taxes, safety standards Social & Physical: environment, exposure to crime, norms (Access) Health Services: availability, cost Individual Behavior: Diet, exercise, drugs & alcohol Biology & Genetics: increased risk of cancer, heart disease Key components of population health? - ANS-Health Promotion Eliminating health disparities: differences in prevalence of diseases among specific population groups Cultural Competency: providers must better understand patients Health Promotion: - ANS-Prevention: health assessments, screenings, education Screening: early detection Behavioral Change: education, support, follow up Patient Self-Care: collaborating & engaging patients Integration-Coordination: ACO & PCMH Chronic Care & Disease Management What are the four types of hospitals as described by the American Hospital Association (AHA)? - ANS-General Specialty Rehab & Chronic Disease Psychiatric What is an all inclusive descriptor term used for the majority of hospitals? - ANS-Community Hospitals: short term hospitals whose services are open to the public What status is the majority of community hospitals? - ANS-Nonprofit What are the differences between non profits and for profit hospitals? Do they differ in quality of care? - ANS-Nonprofit: can't distribute profits to shareholders, tax exempt, must complete Community Needs Assessment NO difference in quality of care Why are the majority of hospitals predominantly nonprofit? - ANS-Historically, serve poor Belief only nonprofits provide uncompensated care Trust issue with patients What are advance directives? - ANS-Durable Medical Power of Attorney and Living Will: signed during admission into hospital What is EMTALA? - ANS-Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act: Patient entering hospital with emergency condition must be seen regardless of ability to pay What are signs? What are symptoms? - ANS-Symptom: experienced by patient Signs: can be detected by someone other than patient -assessed in ER (Triage Protocol) What is the difference between an ED and trauma center? - ANS-ER: treat ill & injured people Trauma center: treating most severe & life threatening cases What is the golden hour? - ANS-appropriate level of care in first 60 minutes=greater chance of survival especially stroke and heart attic patients What is ALARA? - ANS-As Low As Reasonably Achievable -minimize radiation doses -lowest exposure level to patient while still gaining image Who discovered the x-ray? - ANS-William Roentgen (1895) -Roentgen ray Know the roles and responsibilities of the radiology department - ANS-Radiologist: Interpret images/procedures Technologist: operate equipment, conduct tests Administrator, Scheduling, Nurses, Patient-Care Coordinators, Billing & Coding Specialists Which of the following have an MD or DO degree? A. Radiation Technologist B. Sonographer C. Radiologist D. Nuclear Medicine Technologist - ANS-C. Radiologist What is the STARK law? - ANS-Prohibits physician referrals of Designated Health Services (DHS) for Medicare/Medicaid patients if they have financial relationship with that entry Modalities: What are these? - ANS-Radiographs Flouroscopy Ultrasound Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Mammography Bone Densitometry Nuclear Medicine (Scintigraphy) Angiography Interventional Radiology Colonoscopy Mammography: - ANS-2D Breast Xray -cancer screening Ultrasound: - ANS-Sonogram -no radiation -ultrasonic sound waves bounce off tissue Bone Densitometry: - ANS-uses Xray -measures bone's mineral content for risk of fracture -measures osteoporosis in women Computed Tomography (CT) - ANS-uses X-ray -computer converts to cross-section image -100s of images per exam -iodine based contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - ANS-No radiation -claustrophobia -gadolinium based contrast -superior contrast b/t soft tissues -safety hazards (tattoos, pacemakers etc.) How are CT's and MRI's different? - ANS-CT: better for bones and moving structures faster has radiation MRI: better for soft tissues no radiation claustrophobia slower Virtual vs. Traditional Colonoscopy - ANS-Virtual: scanned with CT machine Traditional: invasive/sedation but can biopsy & treat Fluoroscopy - ANS-Uses Xray -real time visualization -swallowing study -barium enema -cardiac catheterization Radiograph - ANS-Xray (plain film) -uses radiation -first imaging modality -most common Angiography - ANS-Interventonial radiology -Uses X-ray -dye to view inside of arteries -embolization, angioplasty, stent Scintigraphy (Nuclear Medicine) - ANS-Radiopharmaceuticals -administered orally or intravenously -images record physiology & anatomy -functional imaging (material bound to biologically active substance) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - ANS-Uptake of 18F cyclotron -radiation -brain studies -metabolic activity Increasing taxes on tobacco sales can improve population health by reducing the number of people using tobacco products. This is an example of what type of population health determinants? - ANS-A. Policymaking (local, state, federal level) -multiple determinant questions on exam ex: Asbestos in house=Social & physical This population health intervention actively engages patients through goal setting and collaborative decision making - ANS-C. Patient Self-Care -few on population health on exam because everything pretty much the same idea -focus on shift to "outside of the hospital doors" This type of hospital delivers care & services presenting with a broad array of medical conditions - ANS-A. General Sandford Spine Center in Sioux Falls, S,D,, is an example of what type of hospital? - ANS-Specialty Which of the following is true of non profits hospitals? - ANS-D. All of the above -can't distribute profits to shareholders -earnings & property are exempt from federal & state taxes -must complete a community needs assessment A written statement detailing a person's desires regarding their medical treatment in circumstances in which they are no longer able to express informed consent - ANS-C. Living Will -advanced directive is umbrella term (has 2 components=living will & durable power of attorney) EMTALA stands for: - ANS-B. Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act Which modality offers superior contrasts between soft tissues in the body? - ANS-MRI Providing an appropriate level of care during first hour=greater chance of survival. This treatment window is referred to as: - ANS-B. Golden Hour Inpatient, Outpatient hospital pharmacy functions may include: - ANS-D. All of the above -dispensing facilities -dispensing system -medication counseling A common method of dispensing medication to patients is the: - ANS-B. Unit Dose system Health care expenditures in the US are currently about what percent of gross domestic product (GDP)? - ANS-18% Which of the following would be a "sign": Pain Blisters Nausea Dizziness - ANS-B. Blisters -must be something we can see -fever -elevated blood pressure Fatigue is an example of a symptom. True or False? - ANS-A. True -can't be measured -can't be seen -subjective The Medical model is coined the sickness care system. T or F? - ANS-A. True What is the most frequent imaging exam? - ANS-Chest Radiograph Compare the two functions of the clinical lab. - ANS-Anatomical Pathology: typically autopsies Clinical Pathology: examples=urine & blood samples What is CLIA? What did it establish? - ANS-Clinical Laboratory Improvements Act -minimum standards for clinical labs -minimum education & experience requirements for personnel -proficiency testing What is proficiency testing and why is it important? - ANS-CLIA requires labs to perform complex testing to be approved for program -samples sent on regular basis of each test performed -lab tests samples & submits results to program for evaluation Define molecular diagnostics. - ANS-search sample for specific RNA/DNA base sequences associated with cell functions or diseases -detect risk What is the hospital pharmacy responsible for? - ANS--dispensing & compounding drugs and other diagnostic and therapeutic chemical substances What are some roles of the hospital pharmacists? - ANS--interpreting medical orders -providing info & consulting advice to physicians -special IV preps, chemo agents, radioactive meds -patient education