Theories & Technique

Theories & Technique According to REBT, healthy individuals do all of the following EXCEPT: - a. Think rationally b. Have preferences c. Think irrationally d. *All of the above* Self-demandingness other demandingness and world-demandingness describe dyfunction in which approach? - Rational emotive behavior therapy The role of the counselor in REBT is: - Teacher Holly is very concerned with her appearance and thinks that if she sets foot out of her house without makeup, people would turn away from her because she is so ugly and that would be awful. Holly's irrational belief is: - That it would be awful if people turned away from her The most important result of REBT is for clients to: - Behave differently Humans are biologically predisposed towards irrational thinking. Which theorist would vehemently endorse this belief? - Albert Ellis The REBT counselor would be LEAST likely to use the following technique - Extensive problem exploration The best client outcome in REBT involves: - Adopting a new life philosophy The REBT counselor asks the client, "Does it follow that if you got fired from this job that you will never succeed at keeping one?". The therapist has just used which technique? - Logical disputation Which of the following statements BEST demonstrates healthy Unconditional Self Acceptance (USA), according to REBT? - I refuse to evaluate myself globally According to REBT, the tendency to think irrationally is - Innate According to the cognitive model, emotions and behaviors are the result of an individual's - Perception of a situation Cognitive structures used to organize information are known as - Schemas Which of the following is not a basic need of humans according to Cognitive therapy? - Self-esteem When Joan goes to class to take a test, she experiences a vague "bad" feeling. According to Cognitive Therapy, the most *immediate* cause of this feeling is probably - Automatic thoughts Helen arrived for her therapy session and reported to her therapist that she is "a terrible mother" because she forgot to make cookies for her daughter's snack time at school today. Helen's therapist knows from previous sessions that Helen works very hard to maintain open communication with her daughter about school and her friendships and has a schedule at home that is predictable. Helen's therapist is MOSt likely to conclude that Helen is demonstrating which of the following cognitive distortions? - Magnification / minimization Collaborative empiricism refers to the - Client and therapist working together to investigate the client's presenting problem The primary focus of Cognitive therapy is the - essential roots of psychological dysfunction Which of the following statements most accurately describes CT theorists views of human nature? - Humans strive to adapt to the environment The initial roles of the therapist and client in Cognitive Therapy are MOST like - Teacher- student Arlene the cognitive therapist asks her client Sue to take some baby steps toward reestablishing her relationship with her family. Arlene is using - A graded task assignment I believe I know what is right for my sister, and tell her very often that she should be more responsible and make better choices. According to Reality Therapy, I am acting on the basis of - External control theory According to Reality Therapy theory, personality is - The relative strengths of a person's basic needs Stephen is in therapy with Bob, and they decide that Stephen should, over the next week, meet one new person everyday. When Stephen comes to his session, he has met only 3 new people. Bob asks what Stephen will do over the next week to meet 7 new people. Bob is most likely to be: - Reality therapist Which of the following is NOT a technique that is used by a reality therapist? - Interpretation The "diagnosis" in reality therapy? - a. DSM IV diagnosis b. Unfinished business c. Rigid and extreme interpersonal d. *None of the above* According to Reality Therapy, the reason we get depressed is that - we are unhappy The philosophy of humans that is adopted by reality therapists asserts that humans - are able to make choices to exert more control over their lives The key difference between the cognitive therapists and reality therapists idea of the need for power is that cognitive therapists assert that - Humans want power for the sake of having it; power is a means to an end of survival Jim stated during a recent therapy session that when his mother and father argue, he feels like his mother puts a lot of pressure on him to align with her and reject his father. According to the Family Systems model, Jim's mother is: - Forming a triangle with Jim, leaving Jim's father excluded from the dyad of Jim and Jim's mother The approaches in the chapter on FST are alike in that they all recognize - Triangles According to structural family therapy, subsystems are - a. small groups and family members b. entire families c. individuals d. *both a and c* Jeb presents as rigid and robotlike as he tells you what brings him to counseling. He says that his family complains that he has no feelings and doesn't seem to care about them, only work. At work, Jeb is unhappy because everyone is always begging him for something. He would be much better off if others would just leave him alone to do his work. Jeb says that his coworkers complain that he is inflexible and interpersonally distant. According to a strategic therapist, Jeb is: - exhibiting rigid, repetitive interactive behavior Which of the following FSTs would be most interested in an objective (as compared to a subjective) viewpoint on therapy? - a. structural b. strategic c. satir d. *a and b* The pseudo independent posture is the result of low differentiation - true Janie is the youngest child in a large family. Her relatives all live down the street from Janie but Janie refuses to visit anyone, even for Thanksgiving dinner. According to Bowen, Janie is displaying - emotional cutoff Family systems theory is often criticized for allowing the client to "control" the direction of the therapy - false Minuchin's theory of personality development tends to focus on - the development of the family father than each individual within the family Theorists from which of the following orientations tend to be the harshest critics of FST - feminist therapy solution focused therapy has criticized for - its sole focus is on symptom relief solution focused therapists tend to believe that - there is no one true reality Donna comes to counseling because she thinks that she has OCD. She has numerous obsessive thoughts. One of these thoughts is that she has left the coffee-maker on in her apartment and that it will start a fire that will burn the building down. The coffee-maker worry results in her returning to her apartment 3 or 4 times each morning, and she is often late to work. Donna's SFT counselor, Bob, wonders aloud if she is sensitive to detail, routine and order, Bob has: - normalized the problem a solution focused therapist will most likely endorse which of the following statements - a small amount fo change instills a sense of hope in the client that more is possible solution focused therapy, the counselor is most interested in the historical aspects of the problem - false solution focused therapists believe that it is preferable to conduct a thorough social history of the client during the initial session with a client - false a solution focused therapist will most often provide the client with _____ following during their first session - a homework assignment solution focused therapists tend to view resistance as a - construct that is not relevant to solution focused therapy a question that is commonly asked by a solution focused therapist is "when the problem is not present, how are things different?" this question is an example of ______ question - presuppositional narrative therapists see life as a process of - storytelling in regard to the concept of power, narrative therapists align most closely with what other groups of therapists - feminists narrative therapists approach clients from a perspective that emphasizes _____ and _______ - health; strength the type of story that brings clients to counseling is called the - problem-saturated story these adjectives refer to the qualities of the stories client tell - thinness and thickness a unique outcome is - a. an event that is not part of the dominant, problem-saturated story b. the exception to the problem's rule c. *a and b* d. none of the above the narrative therapist is seen as an - consultant the language used in a narrative therapy session is always the counselors - false the major therapeutic technique used in the narrative model is asking questions - true a criticism of narrative therapy is that it does not include a more defined theoretical structure - true mindfulness approaches have origins in - cognitive-behavior therapy approaches that represent the "third wave" of behavioral and cognitive therapies include - mindfulness approach the construct of _____ in ACT is based on the idea that to function most optimally, we need to be in contact with what is going on around us now, not caught in the past, future, or out own convoluted thoughts - being present _____ refers to learning perceive thoughts as only thoughts in ACT - cognitive delusion john has a tendency to blindly take events and experiences as basic truths about himself. he has difficulty with _____, according to ACT? - self as perspective ACT is based on the theoretical foundation of _____ - relational frame theory the acronym FEAR in ACT stands for - fusion evaluation avoidance reason giving ryan has recently begun to experience difficulties in marriage. he began acceptance and commitment therapy to address the problem. the therapist might use ____ to help him with relationship issues - the willingness deal dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) focuses particularly on post-traumatic stress disorder - false one of the core strategies of dialectical behavior is validation. the other core strategy is problem solving - true Unconditional self-acceptance - Acceptance is an important characteristic of the healthy person, in the sense of accepting one's and other's human fallibility, given that life is complicated and sometimes influenced by factors outside of one's control. Instead of making global judgments of worth, individuals should work toward unconditional self-acceptance, USA. USA can be achieved in one of two ways. One option is to fight your natural tendencies to self-evaluate and instead choose to see yourself as a good person just because you are alive and human, The problem with viewing yourself as inherently good is that it is definitional - anyone could come along and disagree with your definition of yourself. Simply evaluate your behavior, thoughts, and feelings as good or bad according to the standard of rationality. The person and the behavior must be separated - one can behave badly, but that does not make one a bad person. I am not my acts - just a person who behaves well and badly. What does REBT stand for? - Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Theorist associated with REBT - Albert Ellis What ABC stand for in REBT? - A: Antecedent event, or activating experience, or something that happens to us that we find relevant. "A" can be thoughts, fantasies, emotions, or other people. It is whatever the person is upset about. B: Belief. C: Consequences: or what we normally think of as the result of the A. C's can be emotional evens (sadness, happiness, anxiety, depression) or behaviors (persistence at a task, avoidance, compulsive behavior) C's can take the form of healthy emotions (such as sadness, happiness) or unhealthy emotions (depression, anxiety, or rage) Which is the most important in REBT (thoughts, feelings, behavior, motivation)? - According to REBT, a healthy individual ___________________. - thinks rationally has preferences thinks irrationally Irrational belief - rigid, demanding musts, or should. They are usually illogical and unrealistic, but not always. The tendency to think irrationally is inherent (biologically based). The tendency to think irrationally is innate. According to Albert Ellis, humans are biologically predisposed toward irrational thinking. Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual - REBT does not present a personality theory or offer a detailed developmental discussion. REBT postulates that humans are a product of both inherited influences and environmental teaching, but constitutional factors are considered the more powerful ones. Biological influences include things such as individual differences in the tendency to think irrationally or react emotionally, and conversely, to grow and actualize. Tendencies toward behavior (such as compulsive behavior) can also be innately determined. The most important environmental influences are other people. We absorb rules, standards of behavior and goals from those around us, including parents, siblings, teachers, peers, and religious or political groups. Summary of REBT - - REBT starts with the premise that life events (A's) don't cause emotions (C's). Beliefs about the events (irrational B's or rational B's) are what link the A's and C's. - Humans are innately predisposed to think both rational and irrational, and these tendencies can extend to color an individual's life philosophy. - Healthy people tend to think in preferences and dysfunction people tend to think in demands. - Healthy people have rational life philosophies that include tolerance for self and others, acceptance of uncertainty, rational self- and community interest, and an understanding of how one makes oneself distrubed. - Dysfunctional people harbor many irrational beliefs that include musts, low frustration tolerance, and self-downing thoughts. They think in terms of absolutes and are conditional in their acceptance of self and others. Beck depression inventory - Formal assessment used in CT Uses standardized self-report inventories Measures schema related core beliefs and assumptions Cognitive model - emotions and behaviors are the result of perception of the situation Schemas - Cognitive structures used to organize information Complex cognitive structures that aid in the organization of experience and can influence the ways we interpret events One important schema is the depressogenic schema, which features the cognitive triad of a negative view of the self, world, and future. Primal modes - Primal modes are the most basic kinds of operation and function to meet the evolutionary goals of survival, procreation and sociability. Because they are so basic to survival, they operate rapidly and automatically. Thinking in the primal modes is distorted and rigid. We are all born with protoschemas for primal modes. Through experience, primal modes are constructed and endowed with energy or charged. A series of experiences relevant to a specific mode will result in the mode being fully activated and operative. Theorist associated with cognitive therapy - Aaron Beck Primary focus of cognitive therapy - Essential roots of psychological dysfunction Goal of CT is to identify and change faulty information processing and to modify beliefs that support psychological dysfunction to ones that are more adaptive. CT is being optimistic and wearing "the rose colored glasses" Clients should begin thinking more realistically. Automatic thoughts - brief, telegraphic statements or images that are related to core beliefs or schemas. Beliefs and schemas are more elaborate structures that sometimes function outside of our everyday awareness. Automatic thoughts associated with loss mode - "No one loves me; I'm a failure and worthless; I must be perfect; I must not get angry; It's not use; I can't do anything right." Automatic thoughts associated with victim mode - "Others are mean to me. Others won't give me a break." Automatic thoughts associated with self-enhancement mode - "I'm invincible, others can go to hell." Central construct of reality therapy - Basic Needs Quality World Total Behavior Choice Theory Basic Needs - 1. Survival 2. Love and belonging: the most important need because it is the relationships that satisfy our needs. The need to give and receive love extends to family, friends and intimate partners 3. Power 4. Freedom 5. Fun the five basic human needs are innate and universal. As a part of being human, we inherit the ability to remember the behaviors that made us good or bad. What is reality therapy also known as? - Choice therapy Theorist associated with reality therapy - William Glasser Philosophy of humans adopted by reality therapy asserts that humans _________. - Humans are able to make choices to have more control in their lives. Techniques of reality therapy - Questioning Bibliotherapy Doing the unexpected Reframing Humor Self-disclosure Metaphors Physical activity / meditation Allowing/imposing consequences Questioning in Reality therapy - What do you want or what do you really want? What are you doing? What is your plan? What will happen is you continue to do what you are doing? Quality world (reality therapy) - Also called the world of wants, refers to a set of mental images of need-fulfilling things or good people. Because they satisfy needs, these people or objects make us feel good. The construction of the quality world begins shortly after we are born, and it is revised continuously over our lifetimes. Images that we maintain in our quality worlds are those of individuals who we want to be with, things and experiences that make us feel good, and beliefs or ideas that guide our lives. Mother is the first person put into quality world because she is the source of food and love. We can remove images from our quality world but doing so can be a painful process. Where we store images of need-fulfilling people and things Choice theory - The ideological basis for RT The most important tenet of choice theory is that humans always have choices; we choose absolutely everything we do. We therefore have control over our own behavior, but we cannot control someone else's behavior. Total behavior - Used to accentuate the multidimensional nature of human behavior. All behavior comprises four components: acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology. Glasser used the image of a front-wheel drive car to explain the relationships among those components. The front two wheels are acting and thinking, and the rear wheels are feeling and physiology. Steering the car is accomplished through changing the direction of the front wheels. And the rear wheels generally follow. This image makes two points: 1) acting and thinking are more under our control than feeling physiology and 2) feelings and physiology can be influenced by acting and thinking. types of communication in family systems theory - -According to Satir, the process and outcome of communication are critical to family life. Functional: clear, complete, assertive Congruent: verbal and nonverbal messages match Incongruent: verbal and nonverbal messages do not match Metacommunication: communication about communication. Can affirm or disqualify a message. Often conveys something about relationships between interactants central construct - primary triad (family systems theory) - Primary triad refers to any grouping of 3 family members or people, such as mother-father-child. Satir's faulty or problematic pattern of communication - Placator: the "yes" person. Trying to get others to approve of him, communicates in whiny tones Blamer: is the bossy dictator. Loud, shrill standing with one hand on hip and pointing fingers Computing: analyzes everything. Shows very little feeling "super reasonable" stiff and still physically Distractor: also known as being irrelevant. Pays no attention to others or context. Divert attention, constantly in motion, always multitasking. HEALTHY PERSON COMMUNICATING: operates from the stance of leveling. Communicates coherently with body, words and vocal tone all match. Also called congruent What makes up subsystems? - Small groups & family members Individuals Characteristics of a healthy family system - Ability to take risks and be creative Being open and honest with self and family members Having rules that are flexible and humane Roles of COA (Child of Alcoholics) - Dysfunctional problem solving - upholding the status quo: you don't like the way things are and you see no possibility for change denial: you observe the no talk rule and pretend that everything is alright waiting for a miracle: the problem will magically disappear waiting for others: hoping others will notice and help without asking blaming/complaining: blaming others and not taking responsibility creating a crisis: you either behave impulsively or aggravate the situation to crisis portions in order to make the situate familiar and reduce anxiety Solution focused therapy: When is it used? - Used most commonly in school counseling Solution focused therapy: exceptions - An SF therapist starts with the basic assumptions that, regardless of the severity of the client's presenting problem, there are always times when the problem does not happen. The motivation behind this belief is to help clients see that the complaint is not always present and that they are already successful and happy at times. Solution focused therapy: scaling questions - on a scale from 0 to 10, 0 being the worst the problem has ever been and 10 being the problem is completely solved, where are you today? Once clients give a number of the scale they are often asked "what one or two things could you do this week to being you up two points?" solution focused therapy: the miracle question - A trademark technique in SF therapy is the miracle question. Designed to help clients figure out what they want from therapy without having to spend a lot of time contemplating problems and their causes, the miracle question goes something like this: "Suppose that one night there was a miracle and this problem was solved, how would you know? What would be different?" this helps clients figure out their goal for therapy. Summary of solution focused therapy - SF counselors approach counseling with a model that focuses on client strengths and resources. It is a constructivist approach and is presented as a radical alternative to traditional models of counseling. Instead of spending a lot of time discussing the clients problem, attention is directed toward times when the complaint does not happen or exceptions. Solutions are emphasized in this approach, and great care is taken to use language and techniques that emphasize exceptions rather than problem occurrences. SF therapists do not use formal assessment, and they see the therapy relationship as collaborative. The SF counselor is an expert on change, but the client is the expert on how and what to change. The goals of therapy are set by the client. And the SF counselor's job is to redefine the problem so that it is solvable. The SF counselor helps the client avoid doing more of the same and increase the performance of exceptions to the problem. Outcome research is building in support of SF therapy, and it includes meta-analyses and well-designed clinical trials. The constructivist approach of SF counseling may be beneficial for clients of diverse backgrounds,but the individualistic, solve-your-problem focus of SF counseling may neglect environmental factors that influence client presentations. Human motivation and narrative therapy - NT theorists don't spend a lot of time talking about what motivates people, probably because they are so intently focused on an individual client's story. Further, taking a stance in this area might be seen as limiting the possibilities of individuals to create their own versions of a meaningful life. Given the emphasis on personally conducted meaning in this approach, however, it would probably be safe to say that NTs would view the tendency to create meaning as a central feature of human existence. Identify: unique outcomes - are events that are not part of the dominant, problem-saturated story. They are the exceptions to the problem's rule and are very important in helping clients consider new possibilities. Unique outcomes usually become part of the preferred story for the client. Therapist spends a lot of time asking detailed questions about them. Preferred narrative - The term preferred narrative is probably the closest thing to a healthy person in this approach. We can deduce that healthy people are aware of their multistoried nature and how they are connected to others, and are comfortable with this situation. They are aware of what they value and do not let cultural pressures affect their enactment. A sense of personal agency is evident in the healthy person. narrative therapy: externalizing - An important process in NT is the externalizing conversation. In externalizing, the NT therapist helps the client recast the problem as something outside of her by carefully listening to the client's story and asking a lot of questions about it, particularly about the effects What is the role of the client and counselor in Narrative therapy? - In NT, the therapist is a collaborator or consultant; clients are the true experts on their lives. Summary of narrative therapy - Narrative therapy is a constructivist approach in which clients and counselors collaborate to recreate new life stories NT therapists recognize that we create our realities through our language and further that cultures have dominant discourses that determine who gets power and control and who doesn't. Thus, NT therapists are very attuned to issues of social justice and power. People and problems are always viewed with an awareness of the cultural context in which they are embedded. Clients come to narrative therapists because the stories that are dominant in their lives do not fit some aspects of their experiences. The NT counselor listens closely to the clients store, attempting to understand the dominant themes but also looking for alternate stories or unique outcomes. The goal of narrative therapy is to help the client deconstruct the problem-saturated dominant story and thereby create opportunities to choose among other more preferred outcomes. Questioning is a major technique in this approach, and it is often aimed at externalizing the problem, which means that the person is separated from the problem and the problem becomes the person's relationship with it rather than part of the person. Most importantly, the client and therapist examine times when the client is able to resist the problem and focus on how this happened. A new story can then be constructed. Other techniques of NT involve engaging important individuals or groups of individuals in the client's struggle with the problem. Outsider witness practices, in which carefully selected others listen to the client's story and then reveal their reactions to it, are often employed. Written artifacts such as letters and certificates of achievements are also used to reinforce client's process and progress in therapy. Issues of cultural and individual diversit Mindfulness approaches has origins in what other theory? - Cognitive behavior theory Theorist associated with mindfulness approaches - Marsha Linehan Central constructs of mindfulness - Dialectics Emotion regulation Cognitive defusion Self as perspective Dialectics - the D in DBT refers to a philosophy and also to strategies used in this approach. Philosophically, a dialect standpoint is similar to the philosophy of ACT it refers a holistic perspective in which context is critical. In this view, reality is fluid and is composed of opposing forces, or polarities, the synthesis of which creates a new set of opposing forces. The trick is to move back and forth and to view life as an ever-changing balancing act. The core DBT strategy is conceptualized as the tension between problem solving and validation of the client's perspective. emotion regulation in DBT - In traditional cognitive therapy, emotion is conceptualized as largely resulting from thought; in contrast, in DBT emotion stands on it own as a critical factor in psychological functioning. Emotion regulation refers to the ability to pay attention to emotional experience but not let it carry you away, self-soothe any accompanying physiological arousal, and the ability to act deliberately in the presence of strong emotion. Identify cognitive defusion - refers to learning to perceive thoughts as only thoughts in ACT A wide variety of interventions are directed at helping clients separate their thoughts from themselves. In contrast to traditional cognitive-behavioral intervention, the idea is to change the function of thought, not its form (as is the goal of cognitive restructuring) in essence, the goal is to make a thought just a thought and nothing else, disconnecting it from the prior dysfunctional feelings or behaviors. One way to do that is to unlock words from their meanings, which are often powerful in determining how we structure our worlds. The most basic intervention is to simply ask the client to "notice that thought" and then let it go instead of obsessing about it or acting on it. Identify self as perspective - observing hardest to understand in ACT "John has the tendency to blindly take events and experiences as basic truths about himself. He has trouble with self as perspective. Know techniques of "ACT" - Metaphor: commonly used metaphor is the chessboard, used to separate self from thoughts The willingness dial: sometimes called the two scales metaphor, this technique is used to illustrate the futility of trying to control negative personal experience. The therapist has the client imagine one dial the represents negative experience. For example, a common target is anxiety. Mindfulness techniques: achieving mindfulness takes a lot of practice. The idea it to learn to access experience without judging, but instead observing and accepting what is going on. Various meditation and body exercises are used for this purpose. Cognitive defusion techniques: the idea it to change the function of a thoughts, not its form (as is the goal of cognitive restructuring) Goal of ACT - to help clients behave in ways that are consistent with their values, even when uncomfortable, unwanted prive experiences tell them to do otherwise. ACT requires committed action. Another way to look at ACT igoals is through the concept of willingness, defined as being open the lines whole experience while also actively and intentionally choosing to move in a valued life direction. ACT - Acceptance and commitment therapy Accept Choose To take action What is DBT? - Dialectical behavior therapy What is the primary group for DBT? - The highly suicidal. Many clients that displayed self harming behavior met the criteria for the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Mostly women are clients. What is the primary goal of DBT? - Modulate intense emotions Techniques of DBT - Core mindfulness skills: DBT teaches you (and your clients) a critical skill: mindfulness. Mindfulness simply means that you notice what is going on in the here and now, without judging, a more difficult skill than you might think. There are 3 sets of mindfulness skills: wise mind skill, the whats and the hows. Wise mind: involves teaching clients about three primary states of mind: reasonable mind, emotion mind, and wise mind. Clients learn that reasonable mind and emotion mind can interfere with using wise mind. In these skill sessions, clients evaluate the benefits and drawbacks on reasonable and emotional mind and explore fusing them into wise mind. What skills: involve learning to observe, describe and participate in experience. Even if the experience is painful. The client is taught to observe and describe it. Experience is to be talked about rather than reacted to or avoided. How skills: adopting a stance of not judging, focusing on one thing at a time, and doing what is effective. Non Judgment means that things are neither good nor bad it does not mean making something negative into a positive. Simply evaluate the consequence of behaviors and events. Distress tolerance skills Emotion regulation skills Four categories of treatment strategies Core strategies Dialectical strategies Making lemonade out of lemons Entering the paradox Stylistic strategies Case management strategies What should be considered in regards to selecting a counseling theory? - Considering your philosophical assumptions about people According to REBT, the tendency to think irrationally is - innate The counseling theory that is MOST LIKELY to be used by school counselors is - Solution-focused theory According to _____ humans are biologically predisposed towards irrational thinking - Albert Ellis When I get upset with myself for being angry, I am probably experiencing _______ - secondary disturbances Which of the following most accurately describes cognitive therapy view of human nature? - Humans strive to adapt to the environment Which of the following is NOT a basic need of humans according to cognitive therapy? - self-esteem Cognitive structures used to organize information are known as - schemas according to reality therapy, the reason we get depressed is that - we are unhappy the philosophy of humans that is adopted by reality therapists asserts that humans - are able to make choices to have more control in their lives according to reality therapy, humans are motivated by - the need to maximize pleasure and minimize pain what is the primary goal of DBT? - modulate intense emotions mindfulness approaches have origins in - cognitive-behavioral therapy ___________ refers to learning to perceive thoughts as only thoughts in ACT - cognitive defusion the theorist most associated with cognitive therapy - beck according to cognitive therapy, basic needs of humans are preservation, reproduction, _______________ - dominance and sociability reality therapy is also known as - choice therapy reality therapy is based on the premise that people __________ - choose their own behaviors according to Glasser, ________ is the most important human need - love and belonging in reality therapy, _______ is where we store images of need-fulfilling people and things - quality world to function optimally, the need to be in contact with what is going on around us now is called - being present which of the following is NOT a type of communication in regard to family systems therapy? - internet ___________ refers to any grouping of 3 family members of people such as mother-father-child - primary triad which is not considered 1 of the 4 problematic patterns of communication in family therapy? - bully family therapists says which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a healthy family system? - little tolerance of change in narrative therapy, the person telling the story is - the client narrative therapists see human motivation as - tendency to create meaning the major technique used by the counselor in narrative therapy is - asking questions considering your _____ is (are) critical to choosing your counseling theory - philosophical assumptions about people the term ______ is probably the closest thing to meaning "healthy person" in narrative therapy - preferred narrative solution focused therapists tend to believe that ________ - there no one true reality in solution-focused therapy, the counselor is most interested in ______ - the absence of the problem solution-focused therapists will MOST likely endorse which of the following statements - a small amount of change instills hope in the client "if while you were sleeping something happened to make everything better, how would you know?" - the miracle question