Drugs

Drugs Insiders - people on the inside; those who approve of and/or use drugs Outsiders - people on the outside; those who do not approve of and/or use drugs Drugs - any substances that modify (either by enhancing, inhibiting, or distorting) mind and/or body functioning Psychoactive Drugs (Substances) - drug compounds (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter consciousness and/or perceptions Addiction - generally refers to the psychological attachment to a drug(s); addiction to "harder" drugs such as heroin results in both psychological and physical attachment to the chemical properties of the drug, with the resulting satisfaction (reward) derived from using the drug in question Withdrawal Symptoms - psychological and physical symptoms that result when a drug is absent from the body; physical symptoms are generally present in cases of drug dependence to more addictive drugs such as heroin; physical and psychological symptoms of withdrawal include perspiration, nausea, boredom, anxiety, and muscle spasms. Licit Drugs - legalized drugs such as coffee, alcohol, and tobacco Illicit Drugs - illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and LSD Over-The-Counter (OTC) - legalized drugs sold without a prescription Opioids - drugs derived from opium Gateway Drugs - alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana- types of drugs that when used excessively may lead to using other and more addictive drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or "crack" MDMA - a type of illicit drugs known as "Ecstasy" or "Adam" and having stimulant and hallucinogenic properties Ethanol - the pharmacological term for alcohol; a consumable type of alcohol that is the psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages; often called grain alcohol Designer Drugs/Synthetic Drugs or Synthetic Opioids - new drugs that are developed by people intending to circumvent the illegality of a drug by modifying a drug into a new compound; Ecstasy is an example Structural Analogs - a new molecular species created by modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound; structural analogs are structurally related to the parent compound Equal-Opportunity Affliction - refers to the use of drugs, stressing that drug use cuts across all members of society regardless of income, education, occupation, social class, and age Experimenters - first category of drug users, typified as being in he initial stages of drug use; these people often use drugs for recreational purposes Compulsive Users - second category of drug users, typified by an insatiable attraction followed by a psychological dependence on drugs Floaters or Chippers - third category or drug users; these users vacillate between the need for pleasure seeking and the desire to relieve moderate to serious psychological problems; this category of drug user has two major characteristics: (1) a general focus mostly on using other people's drugs (often without maintaining a personal supply of the drug), and (2) vacillation between the characteristics of chronic drug users and experimenter types Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) - the principle federal agency responsible for enforcing U.S. drug laws Relief Phase - satisfaction derived from escaping negative feelings in using the drug Increased Use Phase - taking increasing quantities of the drug Preoccupation Phase - constant concern with the supply of the drug Dependency Phase - synonym for addiction Withdrawal Phase - physical and/or psychological effects derived from not using the drug National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) - the principle federal agency responsible for directing drug use- and abuse- related search Needle-Exchange Programs - publically funded programs that distribute new, uncontaminated needles to drug addicts in exchange for used injection needs in order to prevent the spread of HIV and hepatitis B and C Drug Cartels - large, highly sophisticated organizations composed of multiple drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and cells with specific assignments such as drug transportation, security/enforcement, or money laundering Drug Cells - are similar to a terrorist cells, consisting of three to five members and ensuring operational security; members of adjacent drug cells usually do not know each other or the identity of their leadership Drug Testing - urine, blood screening, or hair analysis used to identify those who may be using drugs Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) - drug assistance programs for drug-dependent employees Holistic Self-Awareness Approach - emphasizes that nonmedical and often recreational drug use interferes with the healthy balance among the mind, the body, and the spirit What age group has the highest concentration of drug users and experimenters? - 18-25 In contrast to the past, today's drug addiction mainly refers to __________. - physical and psychological dependence Which of the following is not one of the four classes of legal chemicals? - FDA-approved drugs The drug used to increase muscle mass but whose side effects include heart disease, liver cancer, high blood pressure, septic shock, impotence, genital atrophy, and mood swings is __________. - anabolic steroids In regard to the connection between drug use and crime, which of the following findings are often true? - A. Drug users in comparison to non-drug users are more likely to commit crimes. B. Arrestees are often under the influence of a drug while committing crimes. C. Drugs and violence often occur together. ALL OF THE ABOVE According to Erich Goode, ___________refers to using licit drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine to achieve a certain mental or psychic state. - legal recreational Hallucinogens often affect the sense(s) involved with __________. - A. hearing B. vision C. smell D. A and B only E. ALL OF THE ABOVE Which Hispanic group had the highest use of illicit-types of drugs? - Puerto Ricans Which of the following is not classified as a narcotic drug? - coldone __________ drugs refer to types of drugs that lead to the use of other more addictive types of drugs. - Gateway According to Chapter 1, the principal social psychological factor in determining the presence of an individual's drug abuse is __________. - motivation A cause of all ills is often referred to as __________. - pan-pathogen High blood pressure, arrhythmia, and cirrhosis are symptoms from the chronic use of what drug? - alcohol In 2011, what percentage of the U.S. population reported cigarette use in the past month? - 22.1% Common communicable diseases that spread through contaminated needle sharing include(s) __________. - hepatitus and HIV A person can become infected with the HIV virus in all but the following manner(s) __________. - ingesting an infected person's saliva that often occurs mainly in deep kissing Drug users vary from one another in the following respects except for __________. - A. their general approach and orientation to drug use B. their frequency of drug use C. the amount of drugs they consume D. ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT In Chapter 1, which of the following is not specifically listed as a factor that affects how a user experiences a drug? - personal factors What percentage of full-time workers reported alcohol usage within the past month according to the National Household Surveys? - 64.3% Drug abuse is a problem that some believe dates from __________. - the Hammurabi Code in 2240 BC Which of the following is not a reason why drug use is more serious today than ever before? - In the last 3 years, more females are using drugs than males. An adaptation to pain and avoidance of reality is called __________. - "double wall" of encapsulation __________ can influence the effect alcohol has on the individual. - A. Other drugs B. Fatigue or illness C. Gender D. ALL OF THE ABOVE Types of individuals specifically termed __________ seekers continually seek new or novel thrills in their experiences. - sensation The social psychological process of redefining a person's image in light of recent information or knowledge about that person's character is known as __________. - retrospective interpretation __________ in 10 drug users work full time. - seven Which of the following is/are primary factor(s) responsible for drug use? - A. amount of exposure to drug using peers C. age of initial use __________ deviance is inconsequential deviance, which occurs without having a lasting impression on the perpetrator. - primary Which of the following most often occur(s) with extensive use of drugs? - A. legal defense costs B. unlawful behavior C. a violation of school policies D. ALL OF THE ABOVE __________ refer to the chemical messengers released by the neurons for communicating with other cells. - neurotransmitters People at the highest risk of drug addiction are those who are __________. - preoccupied with usage When one considers the use of alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine, one finds that over __________ of the U.S. population use different types of drugs on a daily basis. - 88% Which of the following is not a major characteristic of substance dependence? - deviant behavior __________ theory assumes that drug use, like any other behavior, is learned. - social learning This theory explains drug use as largely peer-generated activity. - subculture theory Psychological theories tend to focus more on the __________ state of the individual; while sociological theories focus on factors that are __________. - internal, external Which of the following risk factors especially applies to adolescent drug use? - misperception of peer norms At various times, drug dependence has been considered a(n) __________. - A. illness B. moral violation C. very bad habit D. ALL OF THE ABOVE A sales clerk in a large grocery store would represent a(n) __________ relationship. - secondary Drug use is a societal issue that dates to __________. - 2240 BC What drug was used in Europe to treat morning sickness in pregnant women? - thalidomine The __________ served as the foundation and reference for subsequent laws directed at regulating drug abuse issues. - Harrison Act __________ drugs have high abuse potential but are approved for medical purposes. - Schedule II Decreasing the amount of drugs that are carried across U.S. borders is an example of __________. - interdiction If a drug falls into which of the following categories, it will be classified as prescription. - A. The drug is not safe for self-medication because of its toxicity. B. The drug is a new compound that has not been shown to be completely safe. C. The drug is habit forming. D. ALL OF THE ABOVE __________ aims to protect drug users by teaching them responsibility. - Inoculation strategy With the passage of the __________, the decline of patent medicines began. - Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 The ______ policy of the FDA allows it to review prescription drugs and evaluate their suitability as OTC products. - switching The __________ allowed the manufacturer to determine whether a drug was to be labeled prescription or nonprescription. - Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 __________ drugs have high abuse potential and are not approved in the United States for medical purposes. - Schedule I __________ attempts to decrease individuals' tendency to use drugs with an emphasis on reformulating values and behaviors. - demand reduction strategy The __________ established the criteria for determining whether a drug should be classified as prescription or nonprescription. - Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951 The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was passed in response to which of the following events? - A pharmaceutical company marketed an antibiotic dissolved in the toxic solvent, diethylene glycol. __________ is from the Greek words for flippers, or "seal-shaped limbs." - phocomelia An over-the-counter drug ingredient not generally recognized as safe or effective for the claimed therapeutic indication is classified as __________. - category II The Pure Food and Drug Act required: - manufacturers to indicate the amounts of addicting substances found in each drug product. The __________ divided substances with abuse potential into categories based on the degree of their abuse potential and their clinical usefulness. - Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act The Act that addresses the problem that patients were not allowed to return drugs to a DEA registrant was: - The Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act Which of the following phases generally involves a few healthy individuals, and is designed to determine the safety of a drug? - Phase I Which of the following phases generally involves a few patients with a medical problem a drug is intended to treat and is designed to determine both safety and efficacy of a drug? - Phase II Which of the following brain regions is most likely to directly regulate the endocrine systems? - hypothalamus Select the incorrect statement. A. For the most part, drugs of abuse decrease the activity of dopamine in the limbic system. Correct B. The Reticular Activating System helps to regulate the brain's state of arousal. C. Drugs that alter the activity of dopamine-releasing neurons often affect motor activity. D. Parkinson's disease is due to damage of dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia. - A. For the most part, drugs of abuse decrease the activity of dopamine in the limbic system. Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter? - androgen Which of the following is not a major nervous system? - adrenal Select the incorrect statement. A. Sex hormones can affect emotional states. B. Testosterone is released from the ovaries and causes female sex changes. Correct C. Diabetes is usually due to a lack of insulin secreted by the pancreas. D. Most drugs used to treat endocrine problems are given to replace deficient hormones. - B. Testosterone is released from the ovaries and causes female sex changes. Which area of the cortex is the most developed in man? - association areas Agents that antagonize the effects of acetylcholine are called __________. - anticholinergic Select the incorrect statement concerning the adrenal glands. A. Small amounts of androgens are released by the adrenal cortex. B. The corticosteroids are released from the adrenal cortex. C. Adrenaline is released from the adrenal medulla. D. Adrenaline is classified as an anabolic steroid. - D. Adrenaline is classified as an anabolic steroid. Which of the following is an accepted therapeutic use of androgens? - replacement in males with abnormally functioning testes Select the incorrect statement concerning the hypothalamus. - It is important in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a catecholamine? - dopamine Which of the following is most similar to the anabolic steroids often abused by athletes? - testosterone Which of the following neurotransmitters is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO)? - dopamine Which structure has been found to be important in maintaining nicotine dependence? - insula Nicotinic receptors are activated by which of the following transmitters? - acetylcholine (Ach) What part of the brain controls complex behaviors, processes information, and helps make decisions? - frontal cortex How much does the average brain weigh? - 3 pounds LSD is thought to do which of the following? - Have serotonin-like chemical effects Which of the following is not part of the nervous system? - pancreas Which of the following effects is least likely to be caused by a sympathomimetic drug? - slowed heart rate The principal forms of drug administration include which of the following? - A. injection B. oral ingestion C. inhalation D. ALL OF THE ABOVE Which of the following best describes synergistic drug interactions? - The presence of one drug enhances the effect of another drug. Select the incorrect statement concerning psychological dependence. A. It can occur independent of physical dependence. B. It can cause intense craving and lure former drug abusers back to their drug habits. C. It often occurs from using drugs with abuse potential. D. It causes severe physical discomfort and rebound when drug use is stopped. - D. It causes severe physical discomfort and rebound when drug use is stopped. Select the correct statement. A. Use of cocaine can cause sensitization. B. Typical dosages of mild stimulants such as coffee usually profoundly disrupt normal daily activities and personal interactions. C. Intense use of CNS depressants rarely causes physical dependence. D. Physical dependence almost always occurs with chronic use of the hallucinogens - A. Use of cocaine can cause sensitization. Select the incorrect statement. A. Usually the elderly should be given lower doses than other adults to avoid adverse drug effects. B. The condition of pregnancy can increase a woman's vulnerability to drug side effects. C. A history of hepatitis often results in a longer duration of drug effects and increased likelihood of side effects. D. There are usually substantial differences in the way males and females respond to drugs. - D. There are usually substantial differences in the way males and females respond to drugs. The unpleasant effect that occurs when use of a drug is stopped is called __________. - widthdrawal What kind of drug effect occurs when one drug cancels or blocks the effect of another? - antagonistic interaction Select the correct statement. A. Most drugs and metabolites are only excreted from the body in the feces. B. Drugs and metabolites are stored in the kidneys. C. The chemical products resulting from drug metabolism are called "metabolites." Correct D. Making the urine more acidic does not influence the excretion of drugs. - C. The chemical products resulting from drug metabolism are called "metabolites." Which of the following best describes the concept "margin of safety"? - It is a comparison of dosage for therapeutic versus toxic effects. You have discovered that you require at least 300 mg of aspirin to get any pain relief. Which of the following terms best describes this phenomenon? - threshold dose Which of the following interactions best describes the analgesic effect when aspirin is combined with acetaminophen? - additive Select the correct statement. A. Some drugs readily pass through the skin. Correct B. Drugs taken by inhalation are usually slower acting and less potent than drugs taken orally. C. The more times a drug is injected in the same vein, the easier the injection becomes. D. Usually more drug is needed when given intravenously than when administered orally to achieve an effect. - A. Some drugs readily pass through the skin. Which of the following can be toxic at sufficiently high doses? A. aspirin B. vitamin A C. table salt D. All of the above - All of the above Drugs administered using which of the following methods can enter the blood almost as quickly as intravenous injection? - inhalation The capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse effects in the body is called __________. - toxicity __________ is a form of withdrawal or a paradoxical effect that occurs when a drug has been eliminated from the body of a person who has become physically dependent. - rebound effect Which of the following could contribute to individual variability in drug responses? Select one: A. rate of metabolism by the liver B. acidity of the urine C. size of the person D. All of the above - All of the above Pharmacologists refer to a perfect drug as a __________. - magic bullet Select the incorrect statement concerning metabolism. Select one: A. It usually helps to eliminate drugs more rapidly. B. It usually inactivates drugs. Incorrect C. It can inactivate hormones and neurotransmitters. D. The rate of drug metabolism always stays constant. - D. The rate of drug metabolism always stays constant. Select the incorrect statement. Select one: A. Toxicity is not always related to dosage in a simple linear relationship. B. A very potent drug often is effective at low doses. C. Potency is determined by the amount of drug necessary to cause a given effect. D. Toxicity of a drug is unrelated to its potency - D. Toxicity of a drug is unrelated to its potency Select the correct statement concerning antihistamines. Select one: A. Tolerance to antihistamine-induced sedation develops slowly. B. They do not significantly interact with other CNS depressants. C. Many antihistamines can cause annoying anticholinergic side effects. D. OTC antihistamines are frequently abused. - C. Many antihistamines can cause annoying anticholinergic side effects. Benzodiazepines are relatively safe when used for __________. - short periods of time Which of the following usually causes death resulting from a barbiturate overdose? - respiratory or cardiovascular depression Which CNS depressant is blamed for the death of Michael Jackson? - propofal Benzodiazepines are classified in which of the following Schedules? - IV Barbiturates likely cause their depressant effects by enhancing which transmitter? - GABA Select the incorrect statement. Select one: A. Benzodiazepines are relatively safe when used for short periods of time. B. Barbiturates are prescribed for the relief of anxiety more than the benzodiazepines. C. The prescribing of depressants has declined over the last 10 years. D. Doses of barbiturates that are required to relieve anxiety can also suppress respiration. - B. Barbiturates are prescribed for the relief of anxiety more than the benzodiazepines. Barbiturates are __________ valium-like benzodiazepines. - more dangerous than For most of the 1970s, __________ was the top-selling prescription drug. - valium Select the incorrect statement. Select one: A. Long-term use of benzodiazepines to treat anxiety or sleep disorders has not been shown to be therapeutically useful for most patients. B. Some benzodiazepines can cause paradoxical behavior such as nightmares, irritability, and restlessness. C. Sometimes benzodiazepines are combined with cocaine to reduce the "crash" after stimulant use. D. Narcotic addicts rarely combine benzodiazepines with heroin. - D. Narcotic addicts rarely combine benzodiazepines with heroin. A CNS depressant often used to relieve anxiety is a(n) __________. - sedative Select the incorrect statement concerning GHB. Select one: A. It is generally taken orally. B. Instructions for how to make GHB can be found on the Internet. C. It has a very long half-life. D. It has a rapid onset. - C. It has a very long half-life. Frequent use of benzodiazepines can lead to __________. Select one: A. withdrawal B. dependence C. tolerance D. All of the above - All of the above Select the incorrect statement concerning barbiturates. Select one: A. Women and men may respond differently to the barbiturates because of the difference in fat content of their bodies. B. Repeated use of the barbiturates at short intervals can cause induction of metabolizing enzymes in the liver. C. Barbiturates appear to increase the activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin. D. Barbiturates affect the reticular activating system. - C. Barbiturates appear to increase the activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Phenobarbital is classified in which of the following Schedules? - IV Which of the following terms refers to drugs used to relieve anxiety? - anxiolytic If a barbiturate is combined with another CNS depressant, what likely would be the consequence? - the effect would be enhanced A CNS depressant can __________. Select one: A. relieve anxiety B. be used as a sleep aid C. cause severe physical dependence D. All of the above - All of the above Benzodiazepines are frequently used clinically to __________. Select one: A. aid in withdrawal from alcohol B. treat seizures C. preanesthetize a patient D. All of the above - all of the above Barbituric acid was synthesized in 1864 by __________. - A. Bayer __________ is the process of making alcohol. - fermentation The lethal blood alcohol level is __________. - between .4% and .6% Regarding sexual performance and prolonged drug use, findings suggest that alcohol __________. - can cause inflammation of the prostate gland The concentration of alcohol in wine coolers is usually about __________. - 10-12% One hundred proof alcohol has a __________ alcohol content. - 50% __________ is the process by which alcohol concentrations are increased. - distillation __________ is used as an antifreeze whereas __________ is used as an antiseptic. - Ethylene glycol; isopropyl alcohol Which is the manner whereby the body loses fluids through alcohol's diuretic action? - urine Prolonged heavy drinking can lead to all of the following except __________. - increased resistance to pneumonia and other infectious diseases Alcoholic beverages contain large amounts of __________. - carbohydrates Select the incorrect statement. Select one: A. Alcohol contains more calories per gram than fat. B. Malnutrition worsens the organ damage caused by alcohol. C. Severe alcoholism often leads to malnutrition. D. Alcoholics derive more than 50% of their calories from alcoholic beverages. - A. Alcohol contains more calories per gram than fat. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms can include all except __________. - constipation As a rule, it takes __________ the number of hours as the number of drinks consumed to sober up completely. - equal Which of the following people would tend to have the highest blood alcohol level after consuming two glasses of wine? - 100 lb female Liver disorders are responsible for __________ of the deaths associated with alcoholism. - 15% A glass of champagne has a faster onset of action than a glass of wine that contains the same amount of alcohol because __________. - the carbon dioxide (carbonation) in champagne moves it more rapidly from the stomach to the small intestine where absorption occurs more rapidly The distillation device or "still" was developed by the __________. - Arabs Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by all of the following except __________. - excessive weight gain Which of the following is not one of the three stages of alcohol-induced liver disease? - glycogen inflammation The consumable type of alcohol that is the psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages is __________. - ethanol Identify the culture(s) that is/are associated with binge drinking. - Polish, Finnish, and Russian In the United States, most alcohol drinkers drink __________. - beer Yearly, alcohol is responsible for __________ deaths (people dying because of alcohol-related abuse). - over 100,000 Being __________ has also been associated with non-acceptance of heavy drinking. Select one: A. church affiliated B. older C. married D. All of the above - All of the above Of the 64% who report drinking alcohol in the United States, men prefer to drink __________, while women prefer __________. - beer, wine Which of the following would have most likely been a promoter of the temperance movement? - African American Church member When drinkers perceive themselves as drunk despite consuming little alcohol, it is known as __________. - pseudointoxication Excessive alcohol abuse is found among women who are __________. Select one: A. unemployed B. single C. experiencing depression or reproductive problems D. All of the above - All of the above A college student who attends a party and binges uncontrollably for the night, but then abstains from alcohol for 3 weeks until the next party where binging reoccurs is classified by Jellinek as a(n) __________ alcoholic. - Epsilon The Gallop Poll indicates that "_____ percent of male drinkers say they most often drink beer, followed by liquor at 26%, while ____ percent of female drinkers prefer wine." - 48%, 51% The slave trade triangle specifically refers to the __________. - trading of rum for slaves, then the slaves for molasses, and then returning to New England to make rum __________-income drinkers prefer beer, whereas __________-income drinkers prefer wine. - lower, higher Gamma alcoholism contains the characteristics of __________. - being a true disease and progressing from a psychological to physical dependence In a marriage, alcohol is a primary predictor of __________. - marital violence With regard to women metabolizing alcohol differently than men, all of the following are significant factors except for __________. - the presence of estrogen and age What factors, besides alcohol content, have direct effects on the onset of intoxication? - set and setting The behavior exhibited and expected while under the direct use of alcohol, determined by the norms and expectations and prevail in a particular culture, is defined as __________. - drunken comportment __________ have the highest rate of current use (non-binge) alcohol consumption. - whites Alcohol tends to correlate with rape because __________. A. intoxicated people are often unable to perceive multiple cues B. alcohol increases the level of poor judgment C. men are likely to interpret friendly cues as sexual advancements D. Only A and C E. All of the above - All of the above The __________ Amendment was responsible for Prohibition. - 18th Which of the following transmitters likely contributes to the immediate reward caused by narcotic use? - dopamine Select the incorrect statement. Select one: A. Most heroin addicts "mainline" the drug. B. Withdrawal symptoms from heroin use resemble a bad cold. C. It requires approximately 5-7 days to recover from the physical symptoms of heroin withdrawal. D. Withdrawal symptoms from each narcotic are very different. - D. Withdrawal symptoms from each narcotic are very different. Which of the following is the principal therapeutic use of dextromethorphan? - Cough relief How long does it typically take for withdrawals to begin once an addict stops using heroin? - 4-12 hours Withdrawals from chronic heroin use often are lethal if not treated. T or F - False Heroin is classified as a __________ drug and cannot be used clinically in the United States. - Schedule I Clonidine is used to treat which of the following? Select one: A. Opiate allergic reactions B. Severe pain C. Opiate withdrawal D. Opiate overdoses - C. Opiate withdrawal Methadone is effective for about __________. - 24-36 hours Which of the following was the first use of heroin in the United States? - Cough suppressant Select the incorrect statement. Select one: A. Morphine is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance. B. Narcotic use often causes nausea and constricted pupils. C. Tolerance to the effects of morphine can develop quickly if used continually. D. Morphine is a more potent analgesic than heroin. - D. Morphine is a more potent analgesic than heroin. Which of the following is called "speedballing"? - combining heroine with cocaine The narcotics mimic which of the following neurotransmitters? - Endorphins Which of the following is/are possible side effects of narcotic analgesics? Select one: A. Respiratory depression B. Constipation C. Decreased blood pressure D. All of the above - All of the above Select the incorrect statement concerning OxyContin. Select one: A. This is a proprietary name for oxycodone. B. This is a long-acting product. C. Recent formulations of this drug make it more difficult to abuse. D. This drug is never abused by high school students. - D. This drug is never abused by high school students. Which of the following is the generic name for Demerol? Select one: A. Meperidine B. Codeine C. Pentazocine D. Hydromorphone - Meperidine Which of the following best describes buprenorphine? - Mild-to-moderate narcotic approved for treatment of opiate dependence in a physician's office Which of the following perfected the hypodermic syringe? - Alexander Wood Talwin is the trade name for __________. - Pentazocine The synthesis of designer versions of what drug results in the byproduct MPTP? - Meperidine Codeine is most likely to be used to relieve __________. - Coughing In 2008, what percentage of the U.S. population reported cigarette use in the past month? - 23._% Which Hispanic group had the highest use of illicit-types of drugs? - Puerto Ricans Which of the two popular views best reflect the long established relationship between drug use and crime? - Both A &B A. Criminal behavior develops as a mean to support addiction B. criminality is inherently linked to the personality of the user and occurs independently from drug use The active ingredient(s) in tobacco that is addictive, colorless, and a highly volatile alkaloid is __________. - nicotine THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient in __________. - marijuana Which of the following is not found in Erich Goode's list of drug use types? - illegal recreational The type of crime committed that is often related to drug use involves __________. - theft __________ generally focus on using other people's drug supplies without maintaining a supply of their own and often waver between the characteristics of chronic types of drug users and experimenter types. - Floaters/chippers What percentage of full-time workers reported alcohol usage within the past month according to the National Household Surveys? - 65.6% __________ are known to view their drug use as necessary in order to have fun and they often use drugs in order to escape and postpone personal problems, and relieve stress and anxieties. - Compulsive Users Common communicable diseases that spread through contaminated needle sharing include(s) __________. - HIV, hepatitis Which of the following is not a common test for drug use? - Pupil response test According to Chapter 1, the principal social psychological factor in determining the presence of an individual's drug abuse is __________. - Motivation The industrial category with the lowest rates of illicit drug use is found among ____________ workers. - Utilities,educational services,public administration __________ drugs refer to types of drugs that lead to the use of other more addictive types of drugs. - Gateway The drug used to increase muscle mass but whose side effects include heart disease, liver cancer, high blood pressure, septic shock, impotence, genital atrophy, and mood swings is __________. - Anabolic steroids The phase that is synonymous with addiction, where more of the drug is sought despite the presence of negative physical symptoms is __________. - Dependency According to Erich Goode, ___________refers to using licit drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine to achieve a certain mental or psychic state. - Legal recreational Which of the following is not classified as a narcotic drug? - coldone Substances that affect the central nervous system and alter consciousness and/or perception are pharmacologically known as __________. - psychoactive drugs A person can become infected with the HIV virus in all but the following manner(s) __________. - Saliva in deep kissing The belief that attitudes about drug use develop from the values and attitudes of other drug users, the norms in the community, subcultures, peer groups, families, and personal experience is known as __________. - Cultural factors __________ is characterized by: excessive use, constant preoccupation with the availability and supply of the drug, refusal to admit excessive use, and reliance on the drug. - Initial Drug Abuse __________ relationships are characterized as a group of individuals sharing a high amount of intimacy and spontaneity and the members are emotionally bonded. - Primary social __________ refer to the chemical messengers released by the neurons for communicating with other cells. - Neurotransmitters Bejerot's theory, specifically known as __________ theory assumes it is biologically normal to continue a stimulus perceived as pleasurable. - Addiction to pleasure __________ reinforcement refers to the ratio between reinforcers, both favorable and disfavorable, for sustaining drug use behavior - Differential Which of the following is/are primary factor(s) responsible for drug use? - only A&C A. amounts of exposure to drug using peers B. availability of drugs in the community C. age of initial use Theories of addiction that deal with mental or emotional states, often associated with or exacerbated by social or environmental factors, are known as __________ theories. - psychological The trait associated with turning ones feelings inward rather than directing emotions outward is known as __________ - introversion The prevailing concept or model of addiction in the United States is the __________. - disease model The view that alcoholism is a __________ dates back to 200 years ago - sickness Types of individuals specifically termed __________ seekers continually seek new or novel thrills in their experiences. - sensation It has been proposed that continual drug use __________ dopamine centers in the brain, which makes experiencing normal pleasure impossible. - exhausts __________ refers to a theoretical explanation that places emphasis on how an individual learns patterns of behavior from the attitudes of others, society, and peers. - Social learning theory It is believed that most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure centers by causing the release of __________. - dopamine __________ status refers to the primary status position one has in the eyes of others. - Master One's parents would represent a(n) __________ relationship. - primary Which of the following risk factors especially applies to adolescent drug use? - misperception of peer norms A change in personality resulting from marijuana use, characterized by a lack of motivation has been termed by some drug theorists as __________. - amotivational syndrome Explanations of addiction in terms of genetics, brain dysfunction, and biochemical patterns are termed __________. - genetic and biophysiological theories __________ in ten drug users work full time. - Seven Which of the following is not one of the phases of addiction? - A. maintenance B. experimentation C. escalation D. ex- addict E. relapsing (is correct) Because of its similarities to mental illness, the American Psychiatric Association has classified severe drug dependence as a __________. - from of psychiatric disorder __________ can influence the effect alcohol has on the individual. - (All of the above) other drugs, fatigue or illness , gender An adaptation to pain and avoidance of reality is called __________. - " double wall" of encapsulation Which of the following most often occur(s) with extensive use of drugs? - (all of above) legal defense costs, unlawful behavior, a violation of school policies In contrast to the primary group, __________ relationships involve mostly segmented relationships that are role specific. - secondary _________ drugs have high abuse potential and are not approved in the United States for medical purposes. - Schedule 1 __________ aims to protect drug users by teaching them responsibility. - Inoculation strategy __________ drugs have high abuse potential but are approved for medical purposes. - Schedule 11 If a drug falls into which of the following categories, it will be classified as prescription - (all the above) not safe for self-medicating because its toxicity new compound not been shown to be completely safe the drug is habit forming The __________ allowed the manufacturer to determine whether a drug was to be labeled prescription or nonprescription. - food, drug,and cosmetics act of 1938 The __________ allows companies to receive tax advantages if they develop drugs that are designed to treat rare diseases and hence are not very profitable - orphan drug law Which of the following phases generally involves a few patients with a medical problem a drug is intended to treat and is designed to determine both safety and efficacy of a drug? - phase 11 With the passage of the __________, the decline of patent medicines began. - pure food and drug act of 1906 Which of the following lists steps of drug development in the correct chronological order? - preclinical development , requesting an IND, filling an NDA __________ attempts to decrease individuals' tendency to use drugs with an emphasis on reformulating values and behaviors. - Demand reduction strategy The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was passed in response to which of the following events? - a pharmaceutical company marketed an antibiotic dissolved in the toxic solvent ,diethyleneglycol The Pure Food and Drug Act required: - manufactures to indicate the amt of addicting substances found in each drug product The __________ served as the foundation and reference for subsequent laws directed at regulating drug abuse issues. - Harrison Act An over-the-counter drug ingredient not generally recognized as safe or effective for the claimed therapeutic indication is classified as __________. - category __________ is from the Greek words for flippers, or "seal-shaped limbs." - phocomelia The __________ established the criteria for determining whether a drug should be classified as prescription or nonprescription. - Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951 What drug was used in Europe as a sedative for pregnant women? - thalidomide Decreasing the amount of drugs that are carried across U.S. borders is an example of __________. - interdiction Which of the following phases generally involves a few healthy individuals, and is designed to determine the safety of a drug? - phase 1 The __________ divided substances with abuse potential into categories based on the degree of their abuse potential and their clinical usefulness. - comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act The ______ policy of the FDA allows it to review prescription drugs and evaluate their suitability as OTC products. - Switching True or false? The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act divided substances with abuse potential into categories based on the degree of their abuse potential and their clinical usefulness - True True or false? The Pure Food and Drug Act did not allow the government to stop the distribution of dangerous preparations - True Hormones that are able to convert nutrients into tissue mass are called __________. - anabolic steroids Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter? - acetylcholine dopamine androgen-(is correct ) serotonin Which of the following is not part of the nervous system? - limbic system pancreas-(is correct) hypothalamus basil ganglia Which of the following describes a neuronal axon? - a small fiber that conducts electric-like impulses from dendrites to terminal Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a catecholamine? - dopamine The nervous system is composed of all but which of the following? - the blood vessels- (is correct) the neurons the brain the spinal cord Approximately how many neurons are in the brain? - 100 billion Nicotinic receptors are activated by which of the following transmitters? - acetylcholine Which of the following neurotransmitters is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO)? - dopmine Which area of the cortex is the most developed in man? - association areas Which of the following is least likely to be caused by abuse of anabolic steroids? - disrupted sleep pattern growth of muscle mass headaches sedation & mellowing of temper- (is correct) Which structure has been found to be important in maintaining nicotine dependence? - insula A class of biochemical compounds including norepinephrine and dopamine is called __________. - catecholamines Agents that antagonize the effects of acetylcholine are called __________. - anticholinergic __________ is the maintenance of internal stability. - Homeostasis Anabolic steroids have been classified in which of the following schedules of the Controlled Substance Act? - III Select the incorrect statement - for the most part, drugs of abuse decrease the activity of dopamine in the limbic system Select the incorrect statement concerning the adrenal glands. - adrenaline is classified as an anabolic steroid A minute gap between the neuron and target cell across which neurotransmitters travel is called a __________. - synaptic cleft Which of the following effects is least likely to be caused by a sympathomimetic drug? - slowed heart rate __________ are the cells in the nervous system that receive and send neurotransmitter messages. - Neurons Which of the following brain regions is most likely to directly regulate the endocrine systems? - hypothalamus What part of the brain controls complex behaviors, processes information, and helps make decisions? - frontal cortex How much does the average brain weigh? - 3 pounds The unpleasant effect that occurs when use of a drug is stopped is called __________. - withdrawal Chemical alteration of drugs by body processes is called __________. - metabolism Alcohol interacts with which of the following? - opioid analgesics antihistamines barbiturates ALL THE ABOVE Pharmacologists refer to a perfect drug as a __________. - magic bullet In determining how drugs affect the body, pharmacologists need to be concerned with __________. - administration bio transformation distribution ALL OF THE ABOVE __________ is a form of withdrawal or a paradoxical effect that occurs when a drug has been eliminated from the body of a person who has become physically dependent. - Rebound effect Which of the following interactions best describes the analgesic effect when aspirin is combined with acetaminophen? - additive The study of factors that influence the distribution and concentration of drugs in the body is called __________. - pharmacokinetics Which of the following best describes the concept "margin of safety"? - It is a comparison of dosage for therapeutic versus toxic effects __________ refers to changes that decrease response to a set dose of a drug. - Tolerance The capillary membranes that filter substances moving between the cerebral blood vessels and the brain are called the __________. - blood-brain barrier __________ is the ability of one drug to enhance the effect of another. - synergism ________ is the difference between the dose of drug necessary to cause a therapeutic effect versus the dose necessary to cause a toxic effect. - margin of safety The capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse effects in the body is called __________. - toxicity The principal forms of drug administration include which of the following? - injection oral ingestion inhalation ALL OF THE ABOVE You have discovered that you require at least 300 mg of aspirin to get any pain relief. Which of the following terms best describes this phenomenon? - threshold dose Which of the following best describes synergistic drug interactions? - The presence of one drug enhances the effect of another drug The approach to detoxifying a person dependent on drugs depends on __________. - the nature of the drug the severity of dependence the duration of action of the drug ALL THE ABOVE Barbiturates likely cause their depressant effects by enhancing which transmitter? - GABA A "Mickey Finn" was used to make a person temporarily unconscious and contained __________. - chloral hydrate Frequent use of benzodiazepines can lead to __________. - withdrawal dependence tolerance ALL THE ABOVE Women's reaction to barbiturates is most likely to be different than men's because of differences in __________. - body-fat ratio Benzodiazepines are classified in which of the following Schedules? - IV Phenobarbital is classified in which of the following Schedules? - IV Approximately __________ benzodiazepine compounds are currently available in the United States. - 15 Barbituric acid was synthesized in 1864 by __________. - A. Bayer __________, an ultrashort-acting barbiturate, is often used as anesthesia for minor surgery. - pentothal Which of the following categories of depressants is named after a Greek god? - hypnotics For most of the 1970s, __________ was the top-selling prescription drug. - valium Drugs often used to relieve symptoms of allergies and motion sickness are called __________. - antihistamines A CNS depressant can __________. - relieve anxiety be used as a sleep aid cause severe physical dependence ALL OF THE ABOVE Depressants are often classified according to __________. - the degree the decrease CNS activity Which of the following terms refers to drugs used to relieve anxiety? - anxiolytic Benzodiazepines are relatively safe when used for ________ - short periods Phenobarbital is often used to treat which of the following conditions? - seizures Which is the manner whereby the body loses fluids through alcohol's diuretic action? - urine The distillation device or "still" was developed by the __________. - Arabs __________ is the process of making alcohol. - fermentation __________ is the process by which alcohol concentrations are increased. - distillation One hundred ten proof alcohol has a __________ alcohol content. - 55% Alcoholic beverages contain large amounts of __________. - carbohydrates As a rule, it takes __________ the number of hours as the number of drinks consumed to sober up completely. - equal __________ is used as an antifreeze whereas __________ is used as an antiseptic. - ethylene glycol; isopropyl alcohol The concentration of alcohol in wine coolers is usually about __________ - 10-12% The "hair of the dog" method for treating a hangover consists of __________. - taking a drink of the alcohol that caused the hangover A glass of champagne has a faster onset of action than a glass of wine that contains the same amount of alcohol because __________. - carbonation Liver disorders are responsible for __________ of the deaths associated with alcoholism. - 10-15% The lethal blood alcohol level is __________. - between 0.4% and .6% The consumable type of alcohol that is the psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages is _____ - ethanol Drinks stronger than __________ proof may actually inhibit alcohol absorption. - 100 True or false? Alcohol at 70% concentration is actually an effective bactericide, but not recommended for use on open wounds. - true _________-income drinkers prefer beer, whereas __________-income drinkers prefer wine. - lower; higher The slave trade triangle specifically refers to the __________. - trading of rum for slaves, then slaves for molasses, and then returning to New England to make rum The highest economic cost for the nation regarding alcohol abuse is __________. - lost productivity In a marriage, alcohol is a primary predictor of __________. - marital violence Identify the culture(s) that is/are associated with binge drinking. - A. Polish & Finnish C. Russian BOTH A & C In the United States, most alcohol drinkers drink __________. - beer The family therapy system developed by Jacques Moreno in which significant interpersonal issues are enacted in a focused setting using dramatic techniques is known as __________. - psychodrama _________ alcoholics live in a culture that views drinking alcohol as normal and these types of alcoholics spend most of the day continuously sipping, without control and are continuously "buzzed" throughout the day. - Delta Which of the following occurred because of Prohibition? - A. Alcohol diminished the first 2 or 3 yrs B. Enforcement of law was thwarted by corrupt law enforcement officials C. Immigrants perceived prohibition as unnecessary and infringement of their cultural beliefs and practices >D. ALL THE ABOVE Individuals are classified as __________ drinkers if they consume five or more drinks on one occasion, or consume alcohol on five or more days during a given 30-day period. - heavy A(n) __________ is the most likely to be a binge drinker in college. - American Indian/Alaskan Native male living on campus The period of heaviest drinking in America began during __________ term in office (). - Jefferson's Which of the following would have most likely been a promoter of the temperance movement? - African American church member With regard to women metabolizing alcohol differently than men, all of the following are significant factors except for __________. - the presence of estrogen and age A college student who attends a party and binges uncontrollably for the night, but then abstains from alcohol for three weeks until the next party where binging reoccurs is classified by Jellinek as a(n) __________ alcoholic. - epsilon Gamma alcoholism contains the characteristics of __________. - being a true disease and progressing from a psychological to physical dependence Regarding alcohol use, a more important factor that is most likely to exert most influence on a person's view is __________. - socialization (upbringing) Nearly __________ of all college students are binge drinkers. - half _________ have the highest rate of current use (non-binge) alcohol consumption. - whites Yearly, alcohol is responsible for __________ deaths (people dying because of alcohol-related abuse). - over 100,000 The __________ Amendment was responsible for prohibition. - 18th Of the 64% who report drinking alcohol in the U.S., men prefer to drink __________, while women prefer __________. - wine How long does it take for withdrawals to begin once an addict stops using heroin? - 4-12 hrs Codeine is most likely to be used to relieve __________. - coughing The narcotics mimic which of the following neurotransmitters? - endorphins Talwin is the trade name for _______ - Pentazocine Which of the following is the principal therapeutic use of dextromethorphan? - cough relief Which of the following is the generic name for Demerol? - meperidine Which of the following transmitters likely contributes to the immediate reward caused by narcotic use? - dopamine Which of the following is the most common clinical use of narcotics today? - pain relief Which of the following is a clinical use for the drug naloxone? - treatment of the person who has overdosed on narcotics Codeine is a (n) __________. - anti tussive The synthesis of designer versions of what drug results in the byproduct MPTP? - meperdine Which of the following is called "speedballing"? - combining heroin with cocaine Mainlining refers to _________ - intravenous injection Which of the following was the reason for the "opium wars" between China and Great Britain? - the British attacked the Chinese because of the Chinese opposition to the British opium trade in China Clonidine is used to treat which of the following? - opiate withdrawal Methadone is effective for about __________. - 24-36 ___________ is a term referring to a diminishing drug effect such that more is required to obtain the original effect. - tolerance _____________ refer to the chemical messengers released by the neurons for communicating with other cells. - neurotransmitters Addiction can be described as a complex disease. - TRUE An essential feature of substance dependence is continued use despite significant substance-related problems. - TRUE At various times, drug dependence has been considered a (an) - all of the choices Because of its similarities to mental illness, the American Psychiatric Association has classified severe drug dependence as a - form of psychiatric disorder Drug abuse is influenced by multiple factors that could include: - all of the choices Drugs that are said to initiate one into a drug culture and lead to the use of other, "harder" drugs are often referred to as - gateway drugs Hallucinogens often affect the sense(s) involved with - all of the choices High blood pressure, arrhythmia, and cirrhosis are symptoms for the chronic use of what drug? - alcohol Holistic self-awareness approach emphasizes a healthy balance among mind, body, and spirit. - TRUE In contrast to centuries ago, today drug addiction mainly refers to - physical and psychological dependence It has been proposed that continual drug use _____________ dopamine centers in the brain, which makes experiencing normal pleasure impossible. - exhausts or uses up It is believed that most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure centers by causing the release of: - dopamine Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. - TRUE Physical dependence is the mental inability to stop using drugs. - FALSE Substances that affect the central nervous system and alter consciousness and/or perception are pharmacologically known as - psychoactive drugs THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient in - marijuana The _________ refers to the major division of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord. - central nervous system The belief that individuals abuse alcohol because they choose to do so is referred to as the - moral model The class of drugs known as inhalants include - gasoline and airplane glue The drug used to increase muscle mass but whose side effects include heart disease, liver cancer, high blood pressure, septic shock, impotence, genital atrophy, and mood swings is - anabolic steroids The prevailing concept or model of addiction in the United States is the - disease model The stages of drug dependence are relief, dependency, and addiction. - FALSE Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of substance dependence? - deviant behavior