ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
GENERAL FORMULA-algebraic formula MOLECULAR FORMULA-actual no . atons EMPIRIRAL FORMULA-simplest whole no. ratio of atans STRUCTURAL FORMULA-arrangement of atoms without showing an the bonds SHELETAL FO
ALLANES CaHan + 2 e .
. Glo
g e .
.
g
C Ho
,
>
-
CH3 e. g Butan-1-o1
. CH3CH2MeCHa Ou 2 .
.
g Buta
ALCOHOLS CnHan +
ALKENES CnHar
STRUCTUR
CHAIN
different arrange
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES-group of compounds with the same general formula and functional group MECHANISMS carbon sheleton
1 + ch each time)
Onions interaction with bromoethane TYPES :
U H
un
CLASSIFYING REACTIONS RADICAL
ALLANES UETONES
~
-
[ I
- and one
- c -c n
=Br
=
> n
-
-
+
↳ halo
on in ha
ALLANES /BRANCHED) -
allyl CARBOXYLIC ACIDS -
oic acid REDUCTION OXIDISATION
ALKENES - ene HALOGENO ALUANES -
fluoro /iodo POLYMERISATION ELIMINATION
/chloro/bromo ↳ joining monomers ↳ atoms break
away from a
larger molecule
Ol
ALCOHOLS CYCLOALUANES cyclo Jane
-
-
HYDROLYSIS
...
ALDEHUDES
-
al ADDITION SUBSTITUTION FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
don't 1 -
4 carbons
mmm
↳ LPG
↳
gas
·
ALKANES ↳ car
↳
hydrocarbons LETEROLYTIC FISSION HOMOLYTIC FISSION FREE RADICAL REACTION
arrows !
↳ saturated don't need to know curly
X=
+
y X =y x y
- UV
+
↳ less reactive
/Only 6 + y + + Che (g) +
CHy(g) >
-
CH3C(g) +
HC(g)
and non-polar ↳2 radicals
e-distributed equally e-distributed equally I NITIATION (l2 >
·
-
2C1
)
↳
photochemical reaction a addeusa ↳ pow
/Photodissociatin
-
I
forming radicals)
E D schorine
but
forms ions forms unpaired radicals UV or visible light COMPLICATIONS :
2
swer in
further substitution
↳ radical + non-radical PROPERGATION A) C'
CH-CHHTodical DICHLOROMETHANE
+
> new
-
radicals I previously
created free
CL
:
↓
and
h
TRICHLORO METHANE
reoccurs radical attacks to make
M paraffin wax/asphalt
↳ chain reaction a new radical etc
. ) H-C1g
>
-
CHy +
CL -
H ↓
I
TETRACHLOROMETHANE
>
CO2 +
HeO B) Cl2 CHz CHyll
HYDROCARBONS
- + C
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
- +
AND REFORMING
CATCH
-
+radical
↳ radical
cyclo
>
Cl-My + ch
-
>
- non-radical different isomers
TERMINATION Hzc -
CHzC a
g I-chlorobutane
longer chain energy produced
. .
petrol/diesel-mixture
=
more ↳ end chain reaction I getting rid of the radicals
-
2-chlorobutane ↳ of straight
num
↳ energy -- Cle
min hydrocarbons
2 +
↳ vehicles aromatic
U3c :
CH3 +
Clo
↳ PLATINUM CATALYST I branchede
↳ 'knocking in the car engine -
straight
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION >
-
CO or C or
CO + H2O SULFUR IMPURITIES >
-
SO2 NITROGEN IMPURITIES >
-
NO , loxides) chain allones explode on compression octone
I
hexane
CO -noral Lenov heated in an
↳ reduces
knocking , increases efficiency
* POISONOUS ! bonds to haemoglobin Son is
an acidic gas nitrogen +
oxygen
i c e(oxides
of nitrogen
preventing On from banding + water >
-
sulfuric acid
m
removal
1 acid rain) danage
as
plat
CISOOT) -
breathing problems CATALYTIC CONVERTER adsorption
weaken bonds
>
-
erode
buildings NOx is an acidic gas
buildings dirty platinum , rhodium , iridium
. nitic acid
actionon
make · + water >
-
damage plat
is
clog up engines lacid rain)
CO , C ,
unburnt HC >
-
H2Olg) ,
N , COn >
-
erode
buildings STEREOISOMERS E12
I some structural formula-differ
200 + 200 >
-
Nz + 1C0z
g 2 NO1g) N2(g) 02(g) CAN'T ROTATE AROUND BOND
e .
.
>
- + C= C
CH2 n
ALUENES HCH2 <
c = C CHy CH2CHCH CH
to bond sticks out-making
[ - ) -
-
amenes exposed to electrophilic n, ch
S TC BONDS
-
↳ AND
hydrocarbons attack
cis-pent-2-ene trans-p
↳ unsaturated N M H >
-
polymers
weaker exchrostatic attraction :
& - petrochemicals
↳ more reactive /double bond-higher e-density) strong
elechostatic con :
high e-density spread out e-density
C6 C
band
high band
tween use
↳ lower
SIGM S -H
enthalpy H M
P: /It)
aignhorizontally enthalpy.
single bond bond above and below high e : reactive HUDRATION OF ALLENES
S-orbital sphere low band
P-orbital-oblong durbells uthalpy
TESTS FOR ALKENES STEAM + ACID CATALYST IHH) + A
+
phospho
H
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION M acid
DECOLOURATION OF BROMINE WATER
orange-brown colourless
H C = C
1
+ Han =
4
>
-
/electrophile) C4419) Cross MS H
300
NORTH (g)
bromine adds to the e- PAIR ACCEPTOR C
nTn
e
alwene e .
g .
.
. Hy
g +
forming
-
dibromo allone
All start from the C =
C bond Et ethene + steam eth
M N
em
double bond
I
Br↳
Br in in
1 , 2-dibromoethane
7
lunsymmetrical
determined
>
-
2
by
different products
the more leather
more
ALKENES
+ ACIFIED POTASSIUM
~
a dipole 6- 4 H H + MnOy- nu
STABILITY of the
group "C [
nic
carbocation intermediate
..
alkyl pushtowards
I
-
c = C
U H OXIDISES
I
R
n M
Z
ADDITION OF HUDROGEN HALIDES R- C - U r = +mr- =R
MARYaUNIKOFF'S RULE ethene ethane-
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY hydrogen halide +
unsymmetrical alwene
-
major product is where the hydrogen
ALLENE + HYDROGEN HALIDE--halogenoalhanes adds to the carbon with the most no . Of
hydrogens aready attached
a
N ADDITION POLYMERS
- ↑
M Y Y H
I nu N
4 Br minor
I 11 / 1 1/
Goodyear
+
: Br > H H
-
-
c - - -
I
H
H ↓ ↓ ↓ I NATURAL POLYMERSpotshataube
Iharder wearing)
o
O
bromoethane reflon < ↳ nylon
double bond double bond
-
I I : Br
repelselectrosas repels electrons
I-bromopropone
Br↳
f
in Bre
creating
a dipole 6- a dipole major
↳ Y
I /
H Y
S Bu 4 POLY(ALKENES)
- H saturated non-polar unreactive > don't degrade
-
H - c -
c -
c
- >
-> >
- -
well in
H
[
u -
-
requires moisture + On in in i
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS 2 .
g . PROTECTIVE SHEETS FOR PLANTS 2-bromo propane REACTANTS RAW MATERIALS
starch grains + polylethane) SOLVENTS newable ENERGY
↳ decompose under certain conditions by org leco-friendly)
this down & little and low hazard catalysts
microorganisms will break
↑ WASTE
LONGEVITTY
$otensive
v less energy especially for toxic
enewable sources products
haveproductout a
t
or ~ CO2 produced is absorbed by plants used o
oil fractions to make the polymer
less
manufacturing
v doesn't require non-renewable crude oil
HALOGENOALKANES
NUCLEAR SUBSTITUTION REACTIVITY BOND POLARITY AND NUCLEOPHILES ELIMINATION OR
WITH WATER SOLVENTS ARE T
n4 8-
I f
↓ :crea
e
2 exal
heat
H20 + n - c -
n >
-
M - c -
c -
4 + Ho + (l- larger halide =
weaker band are ope t
attack
chia NaOH +
, acce
weak nucleophile I Istructure) are
GENERAL FORMULA-algebraic formula MOLECULAR FORMULA-actual no . atons EMPIRIRAL FORMULA-simplest whole no. ratio of atans STRUCTURAL FORMULA-arrangement of atoms without showing an the bonds SHELETAL FO
ALLANES CaHan + 2 e .
. Glo
g e .
.
g
C Ho
,
>
-
CH3 e. g Butan-1-o1
. CH3CH2MeCHa Ou 2 .
.
g Buta
ALCOHOLS CnHan +
ALKENES CnHar
STRUCTUR
CHAIN
different arrange
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES-group of compounds with the same general formula and functional group MECHANISMS carbon sheleton
1 + ch each time)
Onions interaction with bromoethane TYPES :
U H
un
CLASSIFYING REACTIONS RADICAL
ALLANES UETONES
~
-
[ I
- and one
- c -c n
=Br
=
> n
-
-
+
↳ halo
on in ha
ALLANES /BRANCHED) -
allyl CARBOXYLIC ACIDS -
oic acid REDUCTION OXIDISATION
ALKENES - ene HALOGENO ALUANES -
fluoro /iodo POLYMERISATION ELIMINATION
/chloro/bromo ↳ joining monomers ↳ atoms break
away from a
larger molecule
Ol
ALCOHOLS CYCLOALUANES cyclo Jane
-
-
HYDROLYSIS
...
ALDEHUDES
-
al ADDITION SUBSTITUTION FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
don't 1 -
4 carbons
mmm
↳ LPG
↳
gas
·
ALKANES ↳ car
↳
hydrocarbons LETEROLYTIC FISSION HOMOLYTIC FISSION FREE RADICAL REACTION
arrows !
↳ saturated don't need to know curly
X=
+
y X =y x y
- UV
+
↳ less reactive
/Only 6 + y + + Che (g) +
CHy(g) >
-
CH3C(g) +
HC(g)
and non-polar ↳2 radicals
e-distributed equally e-distributed equally I NITIATION (l2 >
·
-
2C1
)
↳
photochemical reaction a addeusa ↳ pow
/Photodissociatin
-
I
forming radicals)
E D schorine
but
forms ions forms unpaired radicals UV or visible light COMPLICATIONS :
2
swer in
further substitution
↳ radical + non-radical PROPERGATION A) C'
CH-CHHTodical DICHLOROMETHANE
+
> new
-
radicals I previously
created free
CL
:
↓
and
h
TRICHLORO METHANE
reoccurs radical attacks to make
M paraffin wax/asphalt
↳ chain reaction a new radical etc
. ) H-C1g
>
-
CHy +
CL -
H ↓
I
TETRACHLOROMETHANE
>
CO2 +
HeO B) Cl2 CHz CHyll
HYDROCARBONS
- + C
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
- +
AND REFORMING
CATCH
-
+radical
↳ radical
cyclo
>
Cl-My + ch
-
>
- non-radical different isomers
TERMINATION Hzc -
CHzC a
g I-chlorobutane
longer chain energy produced
. .
petrol/diesel-mixture
=
more ↳ end chain reaction I getting rid of the radicals
-
2-chlorobutane ↳ of straight
num
↳ energy -- Cle
min hydrocarbons
2 +
↳ vehicles aromatic
U3c :
CH3 +
Clo
↳ PLATINUM CATALYST I branchede
↳ 'knocking in the car engine -
straight
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION >
-
CO or C or
CO + H2O SULFUR IMPURITIES >
-
SO2 NITROGEN IMPURITIES >
-
NO , loxides) chain allones explode on compression octone
I
hexane
CO -noral Lenov heated in an
↳ reduces
knocking , increases efficiency
* POISONOUS ! bonds to haemoglobin Son is
an acidic gas nitrogen +
oxygen
i c e(oxides
of nitrogen
preventing On from banding + water >
-
sulfuric acid
m
removal
1 acid rain) danage
as
plat
CISOOT) -
breathing problems CATALYTIC CONVERTER adsorption
weaken bonds
>
-
erode
buildings NOx is an acidic gas
buildings dirty platinum , rhodium , iridium
. nitic acid
actionon
make · + water >
-
damage plat
is
clog up engines lacid rain)
CO , C ,
unburnt HC >
-
H2Olg) ,
N , COn >
-
erode
buildings STEREOISOMERS E12
I some structural formula-differ
200 + 200 >
-
Nz + 1C0z
g 2 NO1g) N2(g) 02(g) CAN'T ROTATE AROUND BOND
e .
.
>
- + C= C
CH2 n
ALUENES HCH2 <
c = C CHy CH2CHCH CH
to bond sticks out-making
[ - ) -
-
amenes exposed to electrophilic n, ch
S TC BONDS
-
↳ AND
hydrocarbons attack
cis-pent-2-ene trans-p
↳ unsaturated N M H >
-
polymers
weaker exchrostatic attraction :
& - petrochemicals
↳ more reactive /double bond-higher e-density) strong
elechostatic con :
high e-density spread out e-density
C6 C
band
high band
tween use
↳ lower
SIGM S -H
enthalpy H M
P: /It)
aignhorizontally enthalpy.
single bond bond above and below high e : reactive HUDRATION OF ALLENES
S-orbital sphere low band
P-orbital-oblong durbells uthalpy
TESTS FOR ALKENES STEAM + ACID CATALYST IHH) + A
+
phospho
H
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION M acid
DECOLOURATION OF BROMINE WATER
orange-brown colourless
H C = C
1
+ Han =
4
>
-
/electrophile) C4419) Cross MS H
300
NORTH (g)
bromine adds to the e- PAIR ACCEPTOR C
nTn
e
alwene e .
g .
.
. Hy
g +
forming
-
dibromo allone
All start from the C =
C bond Et ethene + steam eth
M N
em
double bond
I
Br↳
Br in in
1 , 2-dibromoethane
7
lunsymmetrical
determined
>
-
2
by
different products
the more leather
more
ALKENES
+ ACIFIED POTASSIUM
~
a dipole 6- 4 H H + MnOy- nu
STABILITY of the
group "C [
nic
carbocation intermediate
..
alkyl pushtowards
I
-
c = C
U H OXIDISES
I
R
n M
Z
ADDITION OF HUDROGEN HALIDES R- C - U r = +mr- =R
MARYaUNIKOFF'S RULE ethene ethane-
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY hydrogen halide +
unsymmetrical alwene
-
major product is where the hydrogen
ALLENE + HYDROGEN HALIDE--halogenoalhanes adds to the carbon with the most no . Of
hydrogens aready attached
a
N ADDITION POLYMERS
- ↑
M Y Y H
I nu N
4 Br minor
I 11 / 1 1/
Goodyear
+
: Br > H H
-
-
c - - -
I
H
H ↓ ↓ ↓ I NATURAL POLYMERSpotshataube
Iharder wearing)
o
O
bromoethane reflon < ↳ nylon
double bond double bond
-
I I : Br
repelselectrosas repels electrons
I-bromopropone
Br↳
f
in Bre
creating
a dipole 6- a dipole major
↳ Y
I /
H Y
S Bu 4 POLY(ALKENES)
- H saturated non-polar unreactive > don't degrade
-
H - c -
c -
c
- >
-> >
- -
well in
H
[
u -
-
requires moisture + On in in i
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS 2 .
g . PROTECTIVE SHEETS FOR PLANTS 2-bromo propane REACTANTS RAW MATERIALS
starch grains + polylethane) SOLVENTS newable ENERGY
↳ decompose under certain conditions by org leco-friendly)
this down & little and low hazard catalysts
microorganisms will break
↑ WASTE
LONGEVITTY
$otensive
v less energy especially for toxic
enewable sources products
haveproductout a
t
or ~ CO2 produced is absorbed by plants used o
oil fractions to make the polymer
less
manufacturing
v doesn't require non-renewable crude oil
HALOGENOALKANES
NUCLEAR SUBSTITUTION REACTIVITY BOND POLARITY AND NUCLEOPHILES ELIMINATION OR
WITH WATER SOLVENTS ARE T
n4 8-
I f
↓ :crea
e
2 exal
heat
H20 + n - c -
n >
-
M - c -
c -
4 + Ho + (l- larger halide =
weaker band are ope t
attack
chia NaOH +
, acce
weak nucleophile I Istructure) are
