BSN112 MIDTERM FINAL EXAM BUNDLE 300 NEWEST 2024/2025
ACTUAL EXAM QUESTION AND CORRECT ANSWER
1. What is discrete data?: Quantitative. Measured in specific values
2. What is continuous data?: Quantitative. Measure in infinite values
3. What does qualitative data use?: Proportions
4. What is ordinal data?: Qualitative. Conveys a ranking
5. What is nominal data?: Qualitative. Uses labels (no ranking)
6. What variables does a cross tabulation table use?: Categorical and
categorical
7. What variables does a scatter plot use?: Numerical and numerical
8. What variable(s) does a frequency table use?: One categorical variable
9. . What variables does a stacked/clustered bar chart use?: Categorical and
categorical
11. What variables does a relative frequency histogram use?: Categorical and
numerical
12. Define mean: Simple average
13. Define median: Middle value when data is ranked
14. Define mode: Most frequent value
15. Define trimmed mean: Average when most extreme 5% of data is cut
16. Define range: maximum - minimum
17. Define interquartile range: 75th percentile - 25th percentile
18. Define variance: spread of data around mean (ò)
19. What happens when standard deviation increases?: Graph widens
20. Define coefficient of variation: Compares variability between groups with
different magnitudes
21. Coefficient of variation equation: SD / x where x is the sample mean
22. What does it mean by a positively skewed graph?: Tail trails to the right.
Mean > Median > Mode
23. What does it mean by a negative skewed graph?: Tail trails to the left.
Mode
> Median > Mean
24. When is a graph significantly skewed?: Skewness more than twice the
standard error
, .
25. Define kurtosis: Measure of the extent to which observations cluster around
a central point
26. What is the normal distribution kurtosis value?: 0
27. Define positive kurtosis: Data clusters more in the centre
28. Define negative kurtosis: Data clusters less in the centre
29. How is cross-sectional data collected?: By observing many subjects at the
same point of time, or without regard to differences in time
30 What is time-series data?: A sequence taken at successive equally spaced
points in time (discrete-time data)
31. Define association: How one variable relates to another
32. Define covariance: Measure of the co-movement between 2 variables
(measured in units)
33. Define positive covariance: 2 variables move in the same direction
34. Define negative covariance: 2 variables move in the opposite direction
35. Define the correlation coefficient: Measure of the linear relationship
between
2 variables (scaled to equal a value between -1 and +1)
36. Define positive correlation: 2 variables move in the same linear direction
37. Define negative correlation: 2 variables move in the opposite linear direction
38. Define parameter: A summary measure that describes a characteristic of the
population
39. Define statistic: A summary measure that describes a characteristic of a
sample
40. Define simple random sampling: Everyone is equally likely to be chosen
from a population
41. Define systematic random sampling: Selecting 1 individual from a group
and choosing the kth individual thereafter
42. Define stratified random sampling: Dividing the population into
homogenous groups of similar characteristics and selecting a random sample
from each group
43. Define cluster sampling: Dividing the population into several clusters (that
aren't homogenous), and taking a random sample from each cluster
44. How are non sampling errors caused? Is it avoidable?: By how the
person samples. It is human error and is avoidable
45. What is coverage error?: Non sampling error. Difference between sample
population and target population (due to self selection or selection bias) — wrong
subjects
, .
46. What is non-response error?: Non sampling error. Subject from the sample
chooses not to respond and impacts on the data
47. What is a measurement error?: Non sampling error. Error in the
measurement of the data through bad questions and misunderstanding
48. What is a sampling error? And is it avoidable?: Difference between the
sample and population because of the observations that occurred with the
particular sample (unavoidable)
49. How do you decrease the sampling error?: Increase the sample size
50. What is the margin of error?: A quantified measure of the sampling error;
makes the sample statistic a more accurate measure of the population parameter
51. How to decrease the margin of error?: Increase sample size
52 Define Union: Probability that one event occurs OR the other
53. Define intersection: Probability that both events occur TOGETHER
54. Define mutually exclusive: 2 events CAN'T occur together
55. Define collectively exhaustive: Outcomes given are the only POSSIBLE
outcomes
56. What does it mean when 2 events complement each other?: Their
probabilities add to 1
57. Define conditional probability: The probability of an event occurring GIVEN
THAT another has occurred
58. Define marginal probability: Total probability of a row or column
59. Define independence: Probability of 1 event does not influence the
probability of another event occurring
60. What is the value of covariance when 2 events are independent?: 0
61. What is the priori classical probability approach?: Already knowing the
probability through EXISTING information
62. What is the empirical (relative frequency) probability approach?: Working
out the probability through EXPERIMENTS rather than using existing information
63. What is the subjective probability approach?: Stating a probability that is
opinionated (controversial statement)
64. Define a random variable: Variable that has multiple possible values and an
associated probability of getting each value
65. What characteristic do discrete random variables have?: They take on a
finite number of specific values
66. What characteristic do continuous random variables have?: They take
on an infinite number of values. Can only calculate the probability of a RANGE of
continuous variables
ACTUAL EXAM QUESTION AND CORRECT ANSWER
1. What is discrete data?: Quantitative. Measured in specific values
2. What is continuous data?: Quantitative. Measure in infinite values
3. What does qualitative data use?: Proportions
4. What is ordinal data?: Qualitative. Conveys a ranking
5. What is nominal data?: Qualitative. Uses labels (no ranking)
6. What variables does a cross tabulation table use?: Categorical and
categorical
7. What variables does a scatter plot use?: Numerical and numerical
8. What variable(s) does a frequency table use?: One categorical variable
9. . What variables does a stacked/clustered bar chart use?: Categorical and
categorical
11. What variables does a relative frequency histogram use?: Categorical and
numerical
12. Define mean: Simple average
13. Define median: Middle value when data is ranked
14. Define mode: Most frequent value
15. Define trimmed mean: Average when most extreme 5% of data is cut
16. Define range: maximum - minimum
17. Define interquartile range: 75th percentile - 25th percentile
18. Define variance: spread of data around mean (ò)
19. What happens when standard deviation increases?: Graph widens
20. Define coefficient of variation: Compares variability between groups with
different magnitudes
21. Coefficient of variation equation: SD / x where x is the sample mean
22. What does it mean by a positively skewed graph?: Tail trails to the right.
Mean > Median > Mode
23. What does it mean by a negative skewed graph?: Tail trails to the left.
Mode
> Median > Mean
24. When is a graph significantly skewed?: Skewness more than twice the
standard error
, .
25. Define kurtosis: Measure of the extent to which observations cluster around
a central point
26. What is the normal distribution kurtosis value?: 0
27. Define positive kurtosis: Data clusters more in the centre
28. Define negative kurtosis: Data clusters less in the centre
29. How is cross-sectional data collected?: By observing many subjects at the
same point of time, or without regard to differences in time
30 What is time-series data?: A sequence taken at successive equally spaced
points in time (discrete-time data)
31. Define association: How one variable relates to another
32. Define covariance: Measure of the co-movement between 2 variables
(measured in units)
33. Define positive covariance: 2 variables move in the same direction
34. Define negative covariance: 2 variables move in the opposite direction
35. Define the correlation coefficient: Measure of the linear relationship
between
2 variables (scaled to equal a value between -1 and +1)
36. Define positive correlation: 2 variables move in the same linear direction
37. Define negative correlation: 2 variables move in the opposite linear direction
38. Define parameter: A summary measure that describes a characteristic of the
population
39. Define statistic: A summary measure that describes a characteristic of a
sample
40. Define simple random sampling: Everyone is equally likely to be chosen
from a population
41. Define systematic random sampling: Selecting 1 individual from a group
and choosing the kth individual thereafter
42. Define stratified random sampling: Dividing the population into
homogenous groups of similar characteristics and selecting a random sample
from each group
43. Define cluster sampling: Dividing the population into several clusters (that
aren't homogenous), and taking a random sample from each cluster
44. How are non sampling errors caused? Is it avoidable?: By how the
person samples. It is human error and is avoidable
45. What is coverage error?: Non sampling error. Difference between sample
population and target population (due to self selection or selection bias) — wrong
subjects
, .
46. What is non-response error?: Non sampling error. Subject from the sample
chooses not to respond and impacts on the data
47. What is a measurement error?: Non sampling error. Error in the
measurement of the data through bad questions and misunderstanding
48. What is a sampling error? And is it avoidable?: Difference between the
sample and population because of the observations that occurred with the
particular sample (unavoidable)
49. How do you decrease the sampling error?: Increase the sample size
50. What is the margin of error?: A quantified measure of the sampling error;
makes the sample statistic a more accurate measure of the population parameter
51. How to decrease the margin of error?: Increase sample size
52 Define Union: Probability that one event occurs OR the other
53. Define intersection: Probability that both events occur TOGETHER
54. Define mutually exclusive: 2 events CAN'T occur together
55. Define collectively exhaustive: Outcomes given are the only POSSIBLE
outcomes
56. What does it mean when 2 events complement each other?: Their
probabilities add to 1
57. Define conditional probability: The probability of an event occurring GIVEN
THAT another has occurred
58. Define marginal probability: Total probability of a row or column
59. Define independence: Probability of 1 event does not influence the
probability of another event occurring
60. What is the value of covariance when 2 events are independent?: 0
61. What is the priori classical probability approach?: Already knowing the
probability through EXISTING information
62. What is the empirical (relative frequency) probability approach?: Working
out the probability through EXPERIMENTS rather than using existing information
63. What is the subjective probability approach?: Stating a probability that is
opinionated (controversial statement)
64. Define a random variable: Variable that has multiple possible values and an
associated probability of getting each value
65. What characteristic do discrete random variables have?: They take on a
finite number of specific values
66. What characteristic do continuous random variables have?: They take
on an infinite number of values. Can only calculate the probability of a RANGE of
continuous variables
