SPH-V 241 Exam 3 Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions

6 criteria air pollutants - ANS--ozone -carbon monoxide -sulfur dioxide -nitrogen oxides -particulate matter -lead 2 components included in foodborne diseases - ANS--foodborne infection -foodborne intoxication 4 major categories of food hazards - ANS--biological -physical -chemical -nutritional 4 dimensions of MSW disposal - ANS--recycling -landfilling -composting -combustion hierarchy for the management of MSW developed by EPA - ANS--Source reduction -recycling -disposal source reduction - ANS-(most preferred) example: reuse of products and onsite, or backyard, composting of yard trimmings recycling - ANS-example: off-site or community composting disposal - ANS-(least preferred) example: waste combustion and landfilling how to calculate: mortality rate - ANS-# deaths/ populations how to calculate: prevalence rate - ANS-#all cases/ total population how to calculate: incidence rate - ANS-#new cases/ total population how to calculate: odds ratio - ANS-ad/bc how to calculate: risk/relative ratio - ANS-(a/[a+b]) / (c[c+d]) how to calculate: LD50 - ANS- 3 steps in waste water treatment process - ANS-primary-remove large materials secondary-microbial digestion of organic materials tertiary-removal of remaining solids and microorganisms Curie - ANS-describes the amount of radioactivity in a sample of material Rad - ANS-Radiation Absorbed Dose Rem - ANS-Roentgen Equivalent in Man- measurement of radiation dose related to effect; a dose deposited in body tissue, averaged over the mass of tissue of interest Roentgen - ANS-the unit of exposure from X- or gamma- rays Becquerel - ANS-corresponds to radioactivity; SI unit of activity, one disintegration/second; 37 bil Bq = 1 Curie Gray - ANS-SI unit of exposure; coulomb per kilogram Slevert - ANS-corresponds to absorbed dose; SI unit of absorbed dose; Gy = 100 rad Coulomb/kilogram - ANS-corresponds to dose equivalent; SI unit of dose equivalent; 1 Sv= 100 rem reasons causing increase of foodborne diseases - ANS--changes in agricultural and food processing methods -globalization of food distribution -social and behavioral changes among population naturally occurring sources of air pollution - ANS-windstorms, salt evaporation along coastline, forest fires, production of materials that have biologic origin, volcanic eruptions acid rain - ANS-the precipitation of acidic compounds formed when components of air pollution react with other air components like water; sulfer dioxide and nitrous oxides; creates abnormally high levels of acidity bad for the environment and human health smog - ANS-a mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions in the air among certain chemicals (e.g. volatile organic chemicals) temperature inversion - ANS-an atmospheric condition during which warm layers of air stall over cool layers of air too close to earth's surface; during this, pollutants can build up as they are trapped so close to the surface potential reasons for global warming - ANS-greenhouse gases, deforestation short term effects of air pollution - ANS--irritation of throat, nose, eyes -aching lungs, wheezing, coughing -bronchitis, pneumonia -nausea -headaches long term effects of air pollution - ANS--heart disease -chronic o