PHYSICS IGCSE (combined science) GRADED A+
1. Speed Formula
- Speed is calculated as distance divided by time.
2. Mass
- Mass is a measure of the amount of matter an object or person possesses.
3. Weight
- Weight is a force measured in newtons (N), calculated as mass multiplied by gravitational force.
4. Density
- Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume (g/cm³), calculated as mass
divided by volume.
,5. What Can a Force Change?
- A force can change the shape, size, direction of motion, and speed of an object.
6. Hooke's Law
- Hooke's Law states that the extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied
to it, expressed as \( F = kx \), where \( F \) is force, \( k \) is a constant, and \( x \) is extension.
7. Limit of Proportionality
- The limit of proportionality is the point beyond which Hooke's Law no longer applies when stretching
a material. The elastic limit is when the material becomes permanently stretched.
8. Power
- Power is measured in watts (W), indicating the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
, 9. Energy and Work
- Energy and work are measured in joules (J).
10. Kinetic Energy
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, calculated as \( \text{K.E} = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \), where mass \(
m \) is in kilograms and velocity \( v \) is in meters per second.
11. Potential Energy
- Potential energy is stored energy ready to be used. Gravitational potential energy is due to gravity
and is calculated as \( \text{P.E} = mgh \), where mass \( m \) is in kilograms, \( g \) is gravitational
acceleration (N/kg), and \( h \) is height in meters.
12. Work
1. Speed Formula
- Speed is calculated as distance divided by time.
2. Mass
- Mass is a measure of the amount of matter an object or person possesses.
3. Weight
- Weight is a force measured in newtons (N), calculated as mass multiplied by gravitational force.
4. Density
- Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume (g/cm³), calculated as mass
divided by volume.
,5. What Can a Force Change?
- A force can change the shape, size, direction of motion, and speed of an object.
6. Hooke's Law
- Hooke's Law states that the extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied
to it, expressed as \( F = kx \), where \( F \) is force, \( k \) is a constant, and \( x \) is extension.
7. Limit of Proportionality
- The limit of proportionality is the point beyond which Hooke's Law no longer applies when stretching
a material. The elastic limit is when the material becomes permanently stretched.
8. Power
- Power is measured in watts (W), indicating the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
, 9. Energy and Work
- Energy and work are measured in joules (J).
10. Kinetic Energy
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, calculated as \( \text{K.E} = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \), where mass \(
m \) is in kilograms and velocity \( v \) is in meters per second.
11. Potential Energy
- Potential energy is stored energy ready to be used. Gravitational potential energy is due to gravity
and is calculated as \( \text{P.E} = mgh \), where mass \( m \) is in kilograms, \( g \) is gravitational
acceleration (N/kg), and \( h \) is height in meters.
12. Work
