PNC Final Exam Complete Questions And Answers With Real Set

Types of Ethics - ANS-Normative Meta Applied/Personal Normative Ethics - ANS-study of ethical behavior -what should I do? Meta Ethics - ANS-Study of the nature and meaning of moral judgement -good vs bad Applied-Personal Ethics - ANS-Practical application of moral consideration -controversial Benificence - ANS-to do good and the right thing for the patient Autonomy - ANS-Respect for patients decisions -ensuring patient is informed Paternalism - ANS-Provider/Nurse disregarding patients wishes because they know best Non-maleficence - ANS-avoid causing harm - assessing patient for damaged skin integrity -follows rights of medication administration Accountability - ANS-Accepting responsibility for ones actions Fidelity - ANS-Faithful and true to professional responsibilities -keeping promises Justice - ANS-Be impartial and fair -who get your limited time? Veracity - ANS-telling the patient the truth Categories of Ethics - ANS-Social Organizational Prefessional Personal Bioethics Clinical Social Ethics - ANS-Behavior accepted and practiced by a group influenced by laws and regulations -EX: kids must go to school Organizational Ethics - ANS-Formal and informal values, principles and systems -values are expressed to members and outside entities -values guide actions of organization regardless of laws and regulations -EX: Wells Fargo fake bank accounts Professional Ethics - ANS-Personal and professional standards of a particular profession -specialized skills and knowledge that serves the public and have moral aspect -EX: Lawyers Personal ethics - ANS-Values a person identifies within respect to peoples situations in their everyday life *Personal and Professional Ethics can clash* -moral conflict -EX: Nurses who believe vaccines are unsafe Bioethics - ANS-Ethical issues emerging from advances in life sciences, biotechnology and medicine -research ethics is a subset of bioethics --> Privacy, consent of research participants Clinical - ANS-Practical discipline for ethical issues that arise in clinical practice ANA code of ethics - ANS-describes ethical values, obligations, duties and professional ideals -set of clear expectations for new nurses for moral behavior -informs society of the ideals and values -implied contract with the public *Guides professional self-regulation* Nurse Practicing Act - ANS-Gives the BON the authority to regulate nursing, education and regulate UAP -appoints an executive director American Nurses Association (ANA) - ANS-The national professional membership association of nurses that works for the improvement of health standards and the availability of healthcare services, fosters high professional standards for the nursing profession, and advances the economic and general welfare of nurses Code of ethics Structure - ANS-9 provisions - 1-3: direct care and the fundamentals of nursing values -4-6: individual responsibility in practice, safety promotion and quality care -7-9: Advancing the profession and global health care Ethical Dilemma - ANS-An ethical decision-making problem -no correct answer -depends on the situation Ethical Dilemma Complications - ANS-Poor outcomes for quality of care Moral Distress Relationships Uncertainty with choices Litigations Moral Reasoning - ANS-Is the process of determining the difference between right and wrong by using logic Moral Residue - ANS-Repeatedly compromising moral values -loss of moral identity Moral Distress - ANS-knowing the right thing to due but CANNOT due to institutional constraints Kohlberg's 6 Progressive Stages - ANS-Each is more sophisticated than the last -only outlines how people justify decisions -does NOT judge degree of morality Kohlberg's stages of moral development - ANS-preconventional, conventional, postconventional Level 1: Preconventional - ANS-Morality shaped by consequences of breaking adult rules - CHILDREN Contains Stages 1-2 - Obedience and Punishment Orientation - Self Interest Orientation Level 2: Conventional - ANS-Morality shaped by norms of society -ADOLESENT Level 3: Post-conventional - ANS-Individuals are separate entities from society with their own perspectives -they may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles -moral reasoning based on individual rights and justice -ADULTS Critisism of Kohlberg - ANS--Moral thinking vs. Actual behavior -overemphasizes western philosophy -impact of justice only focus -flawed research -lack of female perspective Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation (Level 1) - ANS-Action is wrong because perpetrator was punished - The person is good if they avoid punishment; if punished they must have done wrong - "The last time I did this I got spanked, this action is wrong" Stage 2: Self-interest orientation (Level 1) - ANS-Moral behavior defined by what is in the individuals best interest -recognize there is more than one correct view (different people have different view points) -"What's in it for me" Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity (Level 2) - ANS-Self-enters society by conforming to social standards -moral decision based on the consequences of actions -person is good in order to be seen as good by others Stage 4: Authority and Social-Order-Maintaining Morality (Level 2) - ANS-Moral behavior defined by outside force namely laws and social conventions -One must follow rules in order to maintain a functional society -individual approval becomes less important to uphold society Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights (Level 3) - ANS-Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid degrees -laws are meant to protect most people although there are times where it can work against the interests of an individual -laws that don't promote the greatest good should be changed Stage 6: Universal Principles (Level 3) - ANS-Laws are only valid if they are based on justice, ethics and rights -prepared to go against the law regardless of the consequences of disapproval of society or even imprisonment -kohlberg doubted many people made it to this stage Ethical Theoretical Approaches - ANS-Two broad patterns of reasoning -defining masculine and feminine patterns of moral reasoning Ethics of Justice - ANS-Everyone is treated fairly and equitably -rooted in legal system -masculine Ethics of Care - ANS-Ethical decision making focused on the holistic needs of others, maintaining harmonious relationships -context of a situation -feminine Ethics of Duty - ANS-Ethical choices are made based on doing the right thing -usually based on law or moral imperatives *Good* -emphasizes equality and value of every human -provides consistency and certainty *Bad* -black and white -can make world less good -hard to reconcile when duties are in conflict Ethics of Consequence - ANS-Consquences are all that matters when making ethical decisions *Good* -seems easy to understand -Flexible and situational *Bad* -making good decisions takes time -uncertainty (hard to predict how others behave) distrust between groups of bias -utilitarianism -hedonism Utilitarianism - ANS-Most ethical choice is the one that results in the most happiness for the most people Hedonism - ANS-Most ethical choice is the one that results in the most pleasure for the most people Ethics of Character/Ethics of Virture - ANS-The right act is the action a virtuous person would do in the same circumstances *Good* Humans more interested in assessing character of another person rather than assessing good or badness of another person *Bad* -Traditional lists of virtues differ among groups -doesn't really tell us what to do Ethics of Relationships - ANS-Considers the relationships with others when making ethical choices -engagement: human to human -mutual respect: respect for uniqueness and value -Embodiment: Role of emotions in ethical decisions -Interdependent Environment: How our environment affects our decision making Ethical Relativism - ANS-Moral action is relative to one's culture or historical period Decision Making Model for Nurses - ANS-1. Identify Ethical Problems -ethics in conflict 2. Collect additional info to identify problem and develop solution -legal problem -institutional policy 3. Develop alternatives for analysis and comparison 4. Select best alternatives; justify why these are the best 5. Develop diverse, practical ways to implement and act on your choices 6. Evaluate the effects of actions, and develop strategies to prevent ethical problems from recurring Collaboration - ANS-A process by which nursing, interprofessional teams, and patients interact to foster open communication, mutual respect, and shared-decision making, to achieve high quality patient care and the best possible patient outcomes Nurse-Nurse Collaboration - ANS-Plan of care Process Improvement Shared Governance Mentoring/Preceptorship Nurse-Patient Collaboration - ANS-Education Discharge Planning Med Administration Advocacy Nurse-Interprofessional Team - ANS-Daily Organization Discharge Planning Multidisciplinary teams Nurse-Interorganizational Collaboration - ANS-State Nurse Practice Act Health Care for Homeless NMNEC ANA Unions Emergency Operations Formal Collaboration - ANS-Committee working in CAUTI prevention Ethics Committee A nurse running a diabetes program for patients and families Mentorship Preceptorship Informal Collaboration - ANS-Socialized learning during clinicals Bouncing ideas off one another Sharing best practices Patients/Family Interactions attributes of communication - ANS-its the core of collaboration (THE KEY) -poor communications leads to errors -need standardized ways to communicate --> chain of command --> SBAR --> resource management training Attributes of ethics - ANS-Everyone comes with their own perspectives - cultural diversity -expertise -ethics C