BIO 210 Genetics Final Exam questions with answers 2024/2025

BIO 210 Genetics Final Exam questions with answers 2024/2025 A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - ANSWERS phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base What nitrogenous bases are purines - ANSWERS Adenine and Guanine What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - ANSWERS cytosine, thymine, uracil How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - ANSWERS purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWERS DNA: double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2' Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - ANSWERS nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - ANSWERS Phosphodiester bonds What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - ANSWERS 1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits 2.) Must be capable of replication 3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation 4.) Must be able to express information Where are chromosomes located? - ANSWERS cell's nucleus what is a centrosome? - ANSWERS location in the cell that contains centrioles What are centrioles? - ANSWERS microtubules that produce mitotic spindle fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of the cell How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? - ANSWERS 2 centrioles/1 centrosome How many copies of each type of chromosome does each eukaryotic cell typically have? - ANSWERS 2 copies what are homologous chromosomes? - ANSWERS copies of the same type of DNA What are non-homologous chromosomes? - ANSWERS copies of different chromosomes with different DNA What is mitosis? - ANSWERS cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? - ANSWERS interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis What happens during mitosis interphase? - ANSWERS mitosis stage that the cell is primarily in chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the nucleus 1 centrosome 2 centrioles What happens during interphase s-phase? - ANSWERS Centrosome replication ( 2 centrosomes 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication occurs (still uncondensed) What happens during mitosis prophase? - ANSWERS centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell using spindle fibers nuclear membrane breaks down chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers What happens during mitosis prometaphase? - ANSWERS centrioles have reached polar regions and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore What happens during mitosis metaphase - ANSWERS all chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate What happens during mitosis Anaphase? - ANSWERS mitotic spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into chromatids (4