Biology 473 Midterm 1 Questions And Answers With Real Quiz

limnology - CORRECT ANSWER-oceanography of inland waters renewal time - CORRECT ANSWER-how long it would take to refill an entire body of water renewal time of groundwater - CORRECT ANSWER-300 years renewal time of freshwater lakes - CORRECT ANSWER-1-100 years renewal time of saline lakes - CORRECT ANSWER-10-1000 years renewal time of soils - CORRECT ANSWER-0.77 years renewal time of rivers - CORRECT ANSWER-0.033-0.055 years glacial processes - CORRECT ANSWER-produce scour basins, moraine dams, ice block or kettle lakes, made by ice sheets/glaciers retreating, large watershed, i.e. Great Lakes in Michigan paternoster lakes - CORRECT ANSWER-created by glacial processes, a string of identical lakes regularly spaced from each other tectonic processes - CORRECT ANSWER-produce single fault, multiple fault (graben), and uplift lakes, older than glacial lakes and have more diverse species, smaller watershed area and deep isostatic rebound - CORRECT ANSWER-ice sheet pressed down earth, earth rebounds and changes shape of lake basin, lake level rises volcanic processes - CORRECT ANSWER-produce caldera and diked lakes (i.e. Crater Lake), small watershed with large surface area, no nutrients from watershed causes less biological diversity and clear water landslide processes - CORRECT ANSWER-blocks off valleys, allows lakes to form fluvial (riverine) processes - CORRECT ANSWER-i.e. ox bow lakes, river leads to groove in landscape that becomes stagnant, becomes a lake habitat rather than a river habitat, barrier made of gravel floodplain aeolian (wind) processes - CORRECT ANSWER-i.e. playa lakes, wind blowing creates dunes, small lakes form in the basin of the dune solution processes - CORRECT ANSWER-produce sink hole lakes and cenotes, water from a river dissolves the rock (usually limestone) and creates a basin for a lake/pond coastal processes - CORRECT ANSWER-wave action forms lakes biotic processes - CORRECT ANSWER-i.e. beaver dams and human-made reservoirs, behind these structures in streams/rivers, biggest source of current lake formation extra-terrestrial imapct - CORRECT ANSWER-impact craters formed from meteors, etc. become lakes hypsographic curves - CORRECT ANSWER-depth vs area, depth vs volume, graphically shows shape of lake basin surface area influences: - CORRECT ANSWER-the amount of sunlight entering a lake, the quantity of evaporation from a lake's surface, the effect of wind on a lake (fetch), gas exchange between a lake and the atmosphere volume influences: - CORRECT ANSWER-the mass of water and other materials present in a lake (ions, nutrients, gases, etc), how long water and materials remain in a lake (residence times), the potential for sediment/water interactions depth influences: - CORRECT ANSWER-thermal structure and lake vertical mixing patterns, vertical distribution of biota and biotic processes, depth related variables include the maximum depth and the average depth (found by diving volume by surface area) shoreline development - CORRECT ANSWER-reflects the potential for littoral zone (edge of lake) development and the extent of littoral-pelagic (middle of lake, open water) interactions bathymetric maps - CORRECT ANSWER-shows contours of depth as you move down into the lake surface tension - CORRECT ANSWER-develops at the air-water interface, crucial habitat for some organisms like the neuston specific heat - CORRECT ANSWER-the number of calories required to raise the temperature 1 degree C of a unit mass of a substance, water has a very high specific heat when temperature increases - CORRECT ANSWER-viscosity decreases, density decreases functions of light in aquatic ecosystems - CORRECT ANSWER-controls heating, fuels photosynthesis, influences physical features, influences the amount and distribution of primary production, influences the spatial distributions of organisms and photosynthesis solar radiation - CORRECT ANSWER-most significant source of energy to water bodies when light enters a body of water, it can: - CORRECT ANSWER-absorb, scatter and/or reflect, all dependent on wavelength photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) - CORRECT ANSWER-plants can use light in wavelengths between 390-710 nm to fuel photosynthesis absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-the diminution of light energy with depth by transformation to heat infra-red radiation - CORRECT ANSWER-water has high ability to absorb this type of radiation, most important component of the solar spectrum for heating aquatic ecosystems dissolved organic carbon (DOC) - CORRECT ANSWER-especially efficient at absorbing light, dissolved substances increase the absorption capabilities of water algae and glacial flour - CORRECT ANSWER-particulate matters that scatter a lot of light, make alpine lakes look blue as they scatter and reflect light in the 450-480 nm range attenuation - CORRECT ANSWER-the sum of light scattering and absorption, the total reduction in light energy with depth percent absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-100(Io-Iz)/Io where z is the depth, Iz is light intensity at z and Io is the light at the surface, dependent on wavelength extinction coefficient - CORRECT ANSWER-the slope of the straight line through the depth vs the ln(light), dependent on wavelength biological processes in winter - CORRECT ANSWER-most light gets reflected off of snow/ice, photosynthesis shuts down secchi disk - CORRECT ANSWER-a disk 20 cm across divided into black and white quadrants, measures the secchi depth secchi depth - CORRECT ANSWER-the average of the depth that the disk disappears from view and the depth that it reappears when it is lowered over the shaded side of the boat, secchi depth is independent of surface light photometer - CORRECT ANSWER-measure photon flux within a band of wavelengths (like PAR) at a particular depth (z) spectroradiometer - CORRECT ANSWER-measures photon flux from a specified wavelength causes of density differences - CORRECT ANSWER-temperature, pressure, solutes (i.e. salts), suspended particles (does not last long) holomixis - CORRECT ANSWER-lakes where wind driven circulation mixes the entire water column, more constant water temperature thermal stratification - CORRECT ANSWER-most common form of vertical structure, warm top layer mixed by the wind and a stagnant, dark, cold bottom layer thermocline - CORRECT ANSWER-single depth where temperature changes the fastest epilimnion - CORRECT ANSWER-top layer of water column metalimnion - CORRECT ANSWER-middle transition zone of water column (pretty much ignored in this class) hypolimnion - CORRECT ANSWER-bottom layer of water column seasonal changes in thermal structure - CORRECT ANSWER-driven by seasonal changes in heating/cooling cycles, changes in wind isopleths - CORRECT ANSWER-? isothermal - CORRECT ANSWER-temperature is kept constant amitic stratification - CORRECT ANSWER-never mix, ice-capped lakes cold monomictic stratification - CORRECT ANSWER-never stratify during open water season, lake mixes all summer, freeze in winter dimictic stractification - CORRECT ANSWER-lake circulates in spring and fall, thermally stratify in summer, usually inversely stratified when lake is frozen in winter warm monomictic stratification - CORRECT ANSWER-circulate freely in winter when >4 degrees C, stratify in summer oligomictic stratification - CORRECT ANSWER-circulate rarely and infrequently, mostly in tropical areas where water temperatures and > 4 degrees C polymictic stratification - CORRECT ANSWER-circulate almost continuously meromixis/meromictic lakes - CORRECT ANSWER-lakes that never circulate top-to-bottom because of density differences owing to salinity differences, can develop temperature inversions mixolimnion - CORRECT ANSWER-top layer of meromictic lake, separated by chemocline monimolimnion - CORRECT ANSWER-bottom layer of meromictic lakes, separated by chemocline ectogenic meromixis - CORRECT ANSWER-when an external source causes a change in salinity of a portion of the water column (i.e. sea water intrusion into freshwater lake, freshwater intrusion into saline lake) crenogenic meromixis - CORRECT ANSWER-saline springs can deliver dense water to the bottom of a lake biogenic meromixis - CORRECT ANSWER-salts are liberated by decompositions in the s