Introduction to descriptive statistics + step by step guide for excel

DATA ANALYSIS
Introduction to descriptive statistics

SUMMARY
1. Basic concepts and types of variables..................................................................................................... 1

Population and Samples ........................................................................................................................ 1

Data sets, Variables, Observations ........................................................................................................ 2

Types of variables ................................................................................................................................... 2

2. Focus on categorical variables ................................................................................................................ 3

Basic analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 3

Frequency distribution ............................................................................................................................ 3

Cumulative frequencies .......................................................................................................................... 4

Formulas & Tutorials ....................................................................................................................................... 4

To calculate the frequency ..................................................................................................................... 4

To calculate the relative frequency ....................................................................................................... 5

Tutorials ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Relative frequency into percentage ........................................................................................................ 6

To filter the Data ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Conditional formating ............................................................................................................................. 9




1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TYPES OF VARIABLES

POPULATION AND SAMPLES

• A population includes all the entities of interest in a study.
o Issue: Sometimes, the population is too large for the study to work efficiently.


• A Sample is a subset of the population, often chosen randomly, and ideally representative of the
population.

, Population
Sample




DATA SETS, VARIABLES, OBSERVATIONS

• A data set is typically a rectangular table of data, with variables in columns and observations in
rows.


• A variable (or field or attribute) is a characteristic of members of a population (e.g., height,
gender, …).



• An observation (or case/record) is a list of all variable values for a single member of a population.

3 variables




Data set
18 observations




TYPES OF VARIABLES