CRAT Exam WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

Chronotropic - ANS heart rate Inotropic - ANS force of myocardial contractility Dromotropic - ANS conduction velocity through the AV node Systole - ANS contraction of chamber, blood is being ejected. Pressure rises during systole. Diastole - ANS rest, relaxation of chamber, chamber is allowed to fill. Pressure falls during diastole. Stroke Volume - ANS the amount of blood left ventricle pumps in each beat. (mL/beat) Cardiac output- definition - ANS The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute. (units= mL/min) Cardiac output- equation - ANS (HR) X (Stroke Volume) Avg. healthy adult= 4-8 L/min Venous return - ANS amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the systemic ciruclation Blood Pressure- definition - ANS force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the ventricles contract and relax Blood pressure- equation - ANS (cardiac output) X (peripheral resistance) or you could put it another way: (HR)(Stroke Volume)(Peripheral Resistance) An increase in Potassium or decrease in Calcium cause the heart to be ____. - ANS flaccid, limp, dilated, lower HR Excess Calcium can cause the heart to be _____. - ANS spastic contractions. Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling. - ANS atrial kick The area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies is the: - ANS Mediastinum The inferior surface of the heart is formed by the - ANS Right and left ventricles Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus - ANS The right atrium The right ventricle - ANS Pumps unoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation The _____ pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium, which is also the outer layer of the heart wall called the _____. - ANS Visceral, epicardium When a ventricle relaxes in the normal heart, blood is prevented from flowing back into it by - ANS A semilunar valve Which of the following conditions are potentially reversible? - ANS Myocardial ischemia and myocardial injury Which of the following is the innermost layer of the heart that lines its inner chambers, valves and is continuous with the innermost layers of the arteries, veins and capillaries of the body? - ANS Endocardium Which of the following statements is CORRECT - ANS A branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle The main electrolytes that affect cardiac function are - ANS Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium When an ECG machine is properly calibrated, a 1-millivolt (mV) electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly ______ tall. - ANS Ten millimeters The ST segment is measured from - ANS The end of the QRS to the beginning of the T wave Where is the positive electrode placed in Lead III? - ANS Left leg/foot Five large boxes, each consisting of five small boxes, represent _____ on ECG paper. - ANS One second Another term for ventricular escape rhythm - ANS Idioventricular Rhythm (IVR) Agonal rhythm - ANS IVR with HR < 20 bpm HR for IVR (ventricular escape rhythm) - ANS 20-40 bpm Signs and symptoms experienced during a tachydysrhythmia are usually primarily related to: - ANS Decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume The most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) - ANS AV nodal reentrant tachycarida (AVNRT) Which of the following rhythm originates in the SA node and is commonly phasic with breathing? - ANS Sinus arrhythmia