Principles and practice of Human Pathology – Lecture 11 + 12 (14-6-2018): The
Urinary System
*Belangrijk: zie ook Jaar 2, course 6, Humane biologie 2, the urinary system.
The urinary system consists out of:
- The paired kidneys
- Ureters
- The bladder
- The urethra
The renal functions are:
- Regulation of the balance between water and electrolytes
- Excretion of metabolic wastes along with excess water and electrolytes in
urine
- Excretion of many bioactive substances, including many drugs;
- Secretion of renin, a protease for regulation of blood pressure – RAS (Renin-
angiotensin system)
- Secretion of erythropoietin, stimulates erythrocyte production
- Conversion of the steroid prohormone vitamin D, initially produced in the skin,
to the active form.
RAS Blood pressure regulation:
The activity of these enzymes can be studied with enzyme histochemistry.
Angiotensin Renin Ang I ACE Ang II APA Ang III
APA converts Glu-4MBNA into Glu + 4MBNA (which reacts with AZO dye).
4BMNA = Napthol (?)
The average of a normal body cell = on average 7 micron.
- Everything below 100nm (0,1 micron) you cannot distinguish while using a
light microscope.
- Everything above 100nm (0,1 micron) is distinguishable while using a light
microscope.
The resolution of an electron microscope is 0,1nm.
- A normal podocyte has foot-like structures.
- When a cell is damaged, these foot-like structures are gone resulting in a
flat cell minimal change disease, because these losses can only be
observed while using an electron microscope.
The kidney:
- Arterie arcuata: divides the medulla and the cortex of the kidney.
A nephron and its parts:
Urinary System
*Belangrijk: zie ook Jaar 2, course 6, Humane biologie 2, the urinary system.
The urinary system consists out of:
- The paired kidneys
- Ureters
- The bladder
- The urethra
The renal functions are:
- Regulation of the balance between water and electrolytes
- Excretion of metabolic wastes along with excess water and electrolytes in
urine
- Excretion of many bioactive substances, including many drugs;
- Secretion of renin, a protease for regulation of blood pressure – RAS (Renin-
angiotensin system)
- Secretion of erythropoietin, stimulates erythrocyte production
- Conversion of the steroid prohormone vitamin D, initially produced in the skin,
to the active form.
RAS Blood pressure regulation:
The activity of these enzymes can be studied with enzyme histochemistry.
Angiotensin Renin Ang I ACE Ang II APA Ang III
APA converts Glu-4MBNA into Glu + 4MBNA (which reacts with AZO dye).
4BMNA = Napthol (?)
The average of a normal body cell = on average 7 micron.
- Everything below 100nm (0,1 micron) you cannot distinguish while using a
light microscope.
- Everything above 100nm (0,1 micron) is distinguishable while using a light
microscope.
The resolution of an electron microscope is 0,1nm.
- A normal podocyte has foot-like structures.
- When a cell is damaged, these foot-like structures are gone resulting in a
flat cell minimal change disease, because these losses can only be
observed while using an electron microscope.
The kidney:
- Arterie arcuata: divides the medulla and the cortex of the kidney.
A nephron and its parts:
