Pharmac Pharmacology, the stud
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role Contents
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
Chapter scientific discipline encompasses understanding Pages
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES the biochemical OF PHARMACOLOGY and physiological effects of
............................................................................................... 5
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
PART I PHARMACOKINETICS ........................................................................................................................................ 5
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART II PHARMACODYNAMICS .................................................................................................................................... 8
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
(2) AGENTS, CONTROLLING developing THE new FUNCTIONS
medications, OF enhancing
THE PERIPHERAL the NERVOUS SYSTEM ................. 12
PART I LOCAL ANESTHETICS efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
PART II CHOLINOMIMETIC ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
DRUGS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
PART III CHOLINORECEPTOR Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
BLOCKING DRUGS............................................................................................................................................. 19
PART IV ADRENORECEPTOR effects on living
ACTIVATING DRUGSorganisms, plays a pivotal role
.......................................................................................................................................... 24
PART V ADRENORECEPTOR in modern medicine and healthcare. This
ANTAGONIST DRUGS .......................................................................................................................................... 29
(3) AGENTS, CONTROLLING scientific THE discipline FUNCTIONS encompasses OF THEunderstanding CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................ 34
the biochemical and physiological effects of
PART I HYPNOTIC DRUGSdrugs, ......................................................................................................................................................................................
their mechanisms of action, and their 34
PART II ANTISEIZURE DRUGS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 38
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART III ANTIPARKINSONIAN AGENTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
PART IV ETHYL ALCOHOL .................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
developing new medications, enhancing the
PART V NARCOTIC ANALGESICS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
PART VI NON-NARCOTICefficacy and safety of existing ones, and
ANALGESICS ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
PART VII ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
PART VIII ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
PART IX ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
............................................................................................................................................................................ 57
PART X CNS STIMULANTS in....................................................................................................................................................................................
modern medicine and healthcare. This 60
PART XI DRUGS OF ABUSE scientific discipline encompasses understanding
.................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
PART XII GENERAL ANESTHETICS the biochemical and physiological effects of
...................................................................................................................................................................... 65
(4) ORGANOTROPICdrugs, AGENTS their mechanisms of action, and their
.................................................................................................................................. 68
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART I DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................................... 68
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
PART II DRUGS USED IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES ............................................................................................................................... 70
developing new medications, enhancing the
PART III DRUGS ACTING ON HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 73
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
PART IV DRUGS USED IN DISORDERS OF COAGULATION.............................................................................................................................. 74
PART V DRUGS USED FORensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.y
TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE ........................................................................................................................ 76
of drug action and its effects on living
PART VI ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 78
organisms,
PART VII DRUGS FOR ANGINA PECTORIS TREATMENT plays a pivotal role in modern
................................................................................................................................ 80
PART VIII ANTIHYPERTENSIVE medicine DRUGS and healthcare. This scientific
............................................................................................................................................................. 83
PART IX HYPERTENSIVEdiscipline (ANTI-HYPOTENSIVE encompasses ) DRUGS. understanding
DRUGS INFLUENCING theCEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW. ANTI-MIGRAINE
biochemical and physiological effects of drugs,
AGENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
(5)
their mechanisms of action, and their
METABOLIC PROFILE DRUGS .......................................................................................................................... 88
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART I HYPOTHALAMIC & PITUITARY HORMONES
Pharmacologists are, at THYROID
the forefront & ANTITHYROID of DRUGS .................................................................. 88
PART II PANCREATIC HORMONES & A NTIDIABETIC
developing new medications, enhancing the D RUGS ...................................................................................................................... 91
PART III THE GONADAL efficacy HORMONES & I NHIBITORS ..................................................................................................................................... 93
and safety of existing ones, and
PART IV GLUCOCORTICOID, STEROIDAL & NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS.......................................................... 95
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of
PART V IMMUNOTROPIC & ANTIALLERGIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................... 98
drugs.ology, the study of drug action and its
PART VI VITAMINS, VITAMIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS, ANTIVITAMINS, ENZYMES & ANTIENZYMES ................................................. 104
PART VII ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC effectsDon living organisms, plays a pivotal role
RUGS & DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOUT ............................................................... 110
PART VIII AGENTS THAT AFFECT BONE in modern medicine
MINERALand healthcare.
HOMEOSTASIS This
....................................................................................................... 114
scientific discipline encompasses
PART IX MINERALOCORTICOID, MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONISTS, DIURETICS, PLASMA EXPANDERS ............................. 120 understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
(6) CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC drugs, their DRUGS .......................................................................................................................
mechanisms of action, and their 124
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART I ANTIBIOTICS .................................................................................................................................................... 124
PART II SYNTHETIC ANTIBACTERIAL Pharmacologists are at.......................................................................................................
DRUGS the forefront of 129
PART III ANTIPROTOZOAL developing AND ANTHELMINTIC
new medications, DRUGS ...................................................................................
enhancing the 132
PART IV ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. AGENTS FOR
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER .................................................. 135
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
therapeutic and adverse effects.
Pharmacologists are choice
Multiple at thequestionsforefront of
developing new medications, enhancing the
Multiple choice questions
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
, Pharmac Pharmacology, the stud
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role 5
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
PART I PHARMACOKINETICS
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
01. Pharmacokinetics is: therapeutic and adverse effects.
a) The study of biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
Pharmacologists
b) The study of absorption, are at the and
distribution, metabolism forefront of of drugs
excretion
c) The study of mechanismsdeveloping new medications, enhancing the
of drug action
d) The study of methodsefficacy anddevelopment
of new drug safety of existing ones, and
ensuring
02. What does “pharmacokinetics” the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
include?
a) Complications of drugPharmacology,
therapy the study of drug action and its
b) Drug biotransformation effectsin the
onorganism
living organisms, plays a pivotal role
c) Influence of drugs on metabolism processes
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
d) Influence of drugs on genes
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
02. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?
a) Pharmacological effectstheofbiochemical
drugs and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
b) Unwanted effects of drugs
c) Chemical structure oftherapeutic
a medicinal agent and adverse effects.
d) Distribution of drugs in the organism are at the forefront of
Pharmacologists
03. What does “pharmacokinetics”
developinginclude? new medications, enhancing the
a) Localization of drug action
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
b) Mechanisms of drug action
c) Excretion of substancesensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
d) Interaction of substances
04. The main mechanism ofeffects on living
most drugs organisms,
absorption in GI tractplays
is: a pivotal role
in modern medicine
a) Active transport (carrier-mediated diffusion) and healthcare. This
b) Filtration (aqueous diffusion)
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
c) Endocytosis and exocytosis
the biochemical and physiological effects of
d) Passive diffusion (lipid diffusion)
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
05. What kind of substances can’t permeate membranes by passive diffusion?
a) Lipid-soluble
therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) Non-ionized substances Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
c) Hydrophobic substances developing new medications, enhancing the
d) Hydrophilic substances efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
06. A hydrophilic medicinal ensuring
agent has thethefollowing
optimalproperty:
therapeutic use of drugs.y
a) Low ability to penetrate
of drugthrough
action theand
cell membrane
its effects lipids
on living
b) Penetrate through membranes by means of endocytosis
organisms, plays
c) Easy permeation through the blood-brain barrier
a pivotal role in modern
medicine
d) High reabsorption in renal tubules and healthcare. This scientific
07. What is implied by «activediscipline
transport»?encompasses understanding the
biochemical
a) Transport of drugs trough a membrane and byphysiological
means of diffusion effects of drugs,
theirconsumption
b) Transport without energy mechanisms of action, and their
c) Engulf of drug by a cell membrane with
therapeutic anda adverse
new vesicle formation
effects.
d) Transport against concentration gradient
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
08. What does the term “bioavailability”
developingmean? new medications, enhancing the
a) Plasma protein binding degree of substance
b) Permeability through the brain-blood safety
efficacy and barrier of existing ones, and
ensuring the
c) Fraction of an uncharged drug reaching optimal thetherapeutic use of following any route administration
systemic circulation
d) Amount of a substance drugs.ology,
in urine relative thetostudy of doze
the initial drug action and its
09. The reasons determingeffects on living
bioavailability are: organisms, plays a pivotal role
a) Rheological parameters in modern
of blood medicine and healthcare. This
b) Amount of a substance obtaineddiscipline
scientific orally and quantity of intakes understanding
encompasses
c) Extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect
the biochemical and physiological effects of
d) Glomerular filtration rate
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
10. Pick out the appropriate alimentary route of administration when passage of drugs through liver is minimized:
a) Oral therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) Transdermal Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
c) Rectal developing new medications, enhancing the
d) Intraduodenal efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
11. Which route of drug administration
ensuring the is most likely to
optimal lead to the first-pass
therapeutic use of effect?
drugs.
a) Sublingual Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
therapeutic and adverse effects.
Pharmacologists are choice
Multiple at thequestions
forefront of
developing new medications, enhancing the
Multiple choice questions
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
, Pharmac Pharmacology, the stud
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role 6
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
b) Oral
c) Intravenous
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
d) Intramuscular the biochemical and physiological effects of
12. What is characteristic ofdrugs,
the oraltheir
route? mechanisms of action, and their
a) Fast onset of effect therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) Absorption depends Pharmacologists areand
on GI tract secretion at motor
the forefront
functionof
c) A drug reaches the blood passing the liver
developing new medications, enhancing the
d) The sterilization of medicinal forms is obligatory
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
13. Tick the feature of the sublingual
ensuringroute: the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
a) Pretty fast absorption
b) A drug is exposed to gastric secretion the study of drug action and its
Pharmacology,
c) A drug is exposed more effects on living
prominent organisms, plays a pivotal role
liver metabolism
in modern medicine
d) A drug can be administrated in a variety of and healthcare. This
doses
14. scientific
Pick out the parenteral route discipline
of medicinal agentencompasses
administration: understanding
a) Rectal the biochemical and physiological effects of
b) Oral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
c) Sublingual
d) Inhalation
therapeutic and adverse effects.
15. Parenteral administration:
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
a) Cannot be used with developing
unconsciousness newpatients
medications, enhancing the
b) Generally results in aefficacy
less accurateanddosage
safetythan of existing ones, and
oral administration
c) Usually produces a ensuring
more rapidthe optimal
response therapeutic
than use of drugs.
oral administration
d) Is too slow for emergency use
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
16. What is characteristic ofeffects
the intramuscular
on living route of drug administration?
organisms, plays a pivotal role
a) Only water solutions can be injected
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
b) Oily solutions can be injected
scientific
c) Opportunity of hypertonic solution discipline
injections encompasses understanding
the biochemical
d) The action develops slower, and physiological effects of
than at oral administration
17. Intravenous injections are drugs,
more their
suitablemechanisms
for oily solutions:of action, and their
a) True therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) False Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
18. Correct statements listing developing
characteristicsnewof medications,
a particular routeenhancing the
of drug administration include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Intravenous administration
efficacyprovides
and asafety
rapid response
of existing ones, and
b) Intramuscular administration requires a sterile technique
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.y
c) Inhalation provides slow access to the general circulation
of drug may
d) Subcutaneous administration actioncauseand itsirritation
local effects on living
19. organisms,
Most of drugs are distributed homogeneously. plays a pivotal role in modern
a) True medicine and healthcare. This scientific
b) False discipline encompasses understanding the
20. Biological barriers includebiochemical
all except: and physiological effects of drugs,
a) Renal tubules their mechanisms of action, and their
b) Cell membranes therapeutic and adverse effects.
c) Capillary walls
d) Placenta Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
21.
developing new medications, enhancing the
What is the reason of complicated penetration of some drugs through brain-blood barrier?
a) High lipid solubility ofefficacy
a drug and safety of existing ones, and
b) Meningitis ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of
c) Absence of pores indrugs.ology,
the brain capillary the study of drug action and its
endothelium
d) High endocytosis degree in a brain capillary
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
22. The volume of distribution (Vd) relates:
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
a) Single to a daily dose of an administrated drug
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
b) An administrated dose to a body weight
the biochemical
c) An uncharged drug reaching the systemicand physiological effects of
circulation
drugs, their mechanisms
d) The amount of a drug in the body to the concentration of action, and their
of a drug in plasma
23. For the calculation of the therapeutic and adverse
volume of distribution (Vd) oneeffects.
must take into account:
Pharmacologists
a) Concentration of a substance in plasmaare at the forefront of
b) Concentration of substance in urinenew medications, enhancing the
developing
c) Therapeutical width ofefficacy
drug actionand safety of existing ones, and
d) A daily dose of drug
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
24. A small amount of the volume of distribution is common for lipophylic substances easy penetrating through barriers and
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
widely distributing in plasma, interstitial and cell fluids:
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
therapeutic and adverse effects.
Pharmacologists are choice
Multiple at thequestions
forefront of
developing new medications, enhancing the
Multiple choice questions
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
, Pharmac Pharmacology, the stud
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This 7
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
a) True
b) False the biochemical and physiological effects of
25.
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
The term “biotransformation” includes the following:
therapeutic
a) Accumulation of substances in a fatand
tissue adverse effects.
b) Binding of substances Pharmacologists
with plasma proteinsare at the forefront of
c) Accumulation of substances in a tissue
developing new medications, enhancing the
d) Process of physicochemical
efficacy andand biochemical alteration
safety of existing of a drug
ones, and in the body
26. Biotransformation of theensuring
drugs is tothe
render them:
optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
a) Less ionized
Pharmacology,
b) More pharmacologically active
the study of drug action and its
c) More lipid soluble effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
d) Less lipid soluble in modern medicine and healthcare. This
27. scientific
Tick the drug type for which discipline
microsomal encompasses
oxidation understanding
is the most prominent:
a) Lipid soluble the biochemical and physiological effects of
b) Water soluble drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
c) Low molecular weight
therapeutic and adverse effects.
d) High molecular weight
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
28. Pick out the right statement:
a) Microsomal oxidationdeveloping
always resultsnew medications,
in inactivation enhancing the
of a compound
b) Microsomal oxidationefficacy
results in and safetyofofcompound
a decrease existingtoxicity
ones, and
c) Microsomal oxidation ensuring the
results in anoptimal
increasetherapeutic
of ionizationuse and of drugs.
water solubility of a drug
d) Microsomal oxidationPharmacology,
results in an increase theofstudy
lipid solubility
of drugofaction
a drug thus
anditsitsexcretion from the organism is facilitated
29. effectsenzymes
Stimulation of liver microsomal on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
can:
a) Require the dose increase
in modernof some drugs and healthcare. This
medicine
b) Require the dose decrease of some drugs
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
c) Prolong the duration of the action of a drug
d) Intensify the unwanted the biochemical
reaction of a drug and physiological effects of
30. Metabolic transformation (phase 1) is: mechanisms of action, and their
drugs, their
therapeutic
a) Acetylation and methylation and adverse effects.
of substances
Pharmacologists
b) Transformation of substances are at the
due to oxidation, forefront
reduction of
or hydrolysis
c) Glucuronide formation developing new medications, enhancing the
d) Binding to plasma proteins
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
31. Biotransformation of a medicinal
ensuringsubstance
the optimal results in:
therapeutic use of drugs.y
a) Faster urinary excretion
b) Slower urinary excretionof drug action and its effects on living
organisms, plays a pivotal role in modern
c) Easier distribution in organism
medicine and healthcare. This scientific
d) Higher binding to membranes
32. Conjugation is: discipline encompasses understanding the
a) Process of drug reduction by specialand
biochemical enzymesphysiological effects of drugs,
b) Process of drug oxidation by special oxidases
their mechanisms of action, and their
c) Coupling of a drug with an endogenous substrate
d) Solubilization in lipidstherapeutic and adverse effects.
33.
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
Which of the following processes proceeds in the second phase of biotransformation?
a) Acetylation developing new medications, enhancing the
b) Reduction efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
c) Oxidation ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of
d) Hydrolysis drugs.ology, the study of drug action and its
34. Conjugation of a drug includes
effectsthe onfollowing EXCEPT:
living organisms, plays a pivotal role
a) Glucoronidation
b) Sulfate formation
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
c) Hydrolysis scientific discipline encompasses understanding
d) Methylation the biochemical and physiological effects of
35. Metabolic transformation drugs, their mechanisms
and conjugation usually results of inaction, and of
an increase their
a substance biological activity:
a) True therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) False Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
36. In case of liver disorders developing
accompanied newby amedications, enhancing
decline in microsomal enzymetheactivity the duration of action of some drugs
is: efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
a) Decreased
b) Enlarged
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
c) Remained unchanged Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
d) Changed insignificantly effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
therapeutic and adverse effects.
Pharmacologists are choice
Multiple at thequestions
forefront of
developing new medications, enhancing the
Multiple choice questions
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role Contents
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
Chapter scientific discipline encompasses understanding Pages
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES the biochemical OF PHARMACOLOGY and physiological effects of
............................................................................................... 5
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
PART I PHARMACOKINETICS ........................................................................................................................................ 5
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART II PHARMACODYNAMICS .................................................................................................................................... 8
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
(2) AGENTS, CONTROLLING developing THE new FUNCTIONS
medications, OF enhancing
THE PERIPHERAL the NERVOUS SYSTEM ................. 12
PART I LOCAL ANESTHETICS efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
PART II CHOLINOMIMETIC ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
DRUGS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
PART III CHOLINORECEPTOR Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
BLOCKING DRUGS............................................................................................................................................. 19
PART IV ADRENORECEPTOR effects on living
ACTIVATING DRUGSorganisms, plays a pivotal role
.......................................................................................................................................... 24
PART V ADRENORECEPTOR in modern medicine and healthcare. This
ANTAGONIST DRUGS .......................................................................................................................................... 29
(3) AGENTS, CONTROLLING scientific THE discipline FUNCTIONS encompasses OF THEunderstanding CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................ 34
the biochemical and physiological effects of
PART I HYPNOTIC DRUGSdrugs, ......................................................................................................................................................................................
their mechanisms of action, and their 34
PART II ANTISEIZURE DRUGS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 38
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART III ANTIPARKINSONIAN AGENTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
PART IV ETHYL ALCOHOL .................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
developing new medications, enhancing the
PART V NARCOTIC ANALGESICS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
PART VI NON-NARCOTICefficacy and safety of existing ones, and
ANALGESICS ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
PART VII ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
PART VIII ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
PART IX ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
............................................................................................................................................................................ 57
PART X CNS STIMULANTS in....................................................................................................................................................................................
modern medicine and healthcare. This 60
PART XI DRUGS OF ABUSE scientific discipline encompasses understanding
.................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
PART XII GENERAL ANESTHETICS the biochemical and physiological effects of
...................................................................................................................................................................... 65
(4) ORGANOTROPICdrugs, AGENTS their mechanisms of action, and their
.................................................................................................................................. 68
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART I DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................................... 68
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
PART II DRUGS USED IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES ............................................................................................................................... 70
developing new medications, enhancing the
PART III DRUGS ACTING ON HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 73
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
PART IV DRUGS USED IN DISORDERS OF COAGULATION.............................................................................................................................. 74
PART V DRUGS USED FORensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.y
TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE ........................................................................................................................ 76
of drug action and its effects on living
PART VI ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 78
organisms,
PART VII DRUGS FOR ANGINA PECTORIS TREATMENT plays a pivotal role in modern
................................................................................................................................ 80
PART VIII ANTIHYPERTENSIVE medicine DRUGS and healthcare. This scientific
............................................................................................................................................................. 83
PART IX HYPERTENSIVEdiscipline (ANTI-HYPOTENSIVE encompasses ) DRUGS. understanding
DRUGS INFLUENCING theCEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW. ANTI-MIGRAINE
biochemical and physiological effects of drugs,
AGENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
(5)
their mechanisms of action, and their
METABOLIC PROFILE DRUGS .......................................................................................................................... 88
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART I HYPOTHALAMIC & PITUITARY HORMONES
Pharmacologists are, at THYROID
the forefront & ANTITHYROID of DRUGS .................................................................. 88
PART II PANCREATIC HORMONES & A NTIDIABETIC
developing new medications, enhancing the D RUGS ...................................................................................................................... 91
PART III THE GONADAL efficacy HORMONES & I NHIBITORS ..................................................................................................................................... 93
and safety of existing ones, and
PART IV GLUCOCORTICOID, STEROIDAL & NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS.......................................................... 95
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of
PART V IMMUNOTROPIC & ANTIALLERGIC AGENTS .................................................................................................................................... 98
drugs.ology, the study of drug action and its
PART VI VITAMINS, VITAMIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS, ANTIVITAMINS, ENZYMES & ANTIENZYMES ................................................. 104
PART VII ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC effectsDon living organisms, plays a pivotal role
RUGS & DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOUT ............................................................... 110
PART VIII AGENTS THAT AFFECT BONE in modern medicine
MINERALand healthcare.
HOMEOSTASIS This
....................................................................................................... 114
scientific discipline encompasses
PART IX MINERALOCORTICOID, MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONISTS, DIURETICS, PLASMA EXPANDERS ............................. 120 understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
(6) CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC drugs, their DRUGS .......................................................................................................................
mechanisms of action, and their 124
therapeutic and adverse effects.
PART I ANTIBIOTICS .................................................................................................................................................... 124
PART II SYNTHETIC ANTIBACTERIAL Pharmacologists are at.......................................................................................................
DRUGS the forefront of 129
PART III ANTIPROTOZOAL developing AND ANTHELMINTIC
new medications, DRUGS ...................................................................................
enhancing the 132
PART IV ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. AGENTS FOR
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER .................................................. 135
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
therapeutic and adverse effects.
Pharmacologists are choice
Multiple at thequestionsforefront of
developing new medications, enhancing the
Multiple choice questions
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
, Pharmac Pharmacology, the stud
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role 5
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
PART I PHARMACOKINETICS
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
01. Pharmacokinetics is: therapeutic and adverse effects.
a) The study of biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
Pharmacologists
b) The study of absorption, are at the and
distribution, metabolism forefront of of drugs
excretion
c) The study of mechanismsdeveloping new medications, enhancing the
of drug action
d) The study of methodsefficacy anddevelopment
of new drug safety of existing ones, and
ensuring
02. What does “pharmacokinetics” the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
include?
a) Complications of drugPharmacology,
therapy the study of drug action and its
b) Drug biotransformation effectsin the
onorganism
living organisms, plays a pivotal role
c) Influence of drugs on metabolism processes
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
d) Influence of drugs on genes
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
02. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?
a) Pharmacological effectstheofbiochemical
drugs and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
b) Unwanted effects of drugs
c) Chemical structure oftherapeutic
a medicinal agent and adverse effects.
d) Distribution of drugs in the organism are at the forefront of
Pharmacologists
03. What does “pharmacokinetics”
developinginclude? new medications, enhancing the
a) Localization of drug action
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
b) Mechanisms of drug action
c) Excretion of substancesensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
d) Interaction of substances
04. The main mechanism ofeffects on living
most drugs organisms,
absorption in GI tractplays
is: a pivotal role
in modern medicine
a) Active transport (carrier-mediated diffusion) and healthcare. This
b) Filtration (aqueous diffusion)
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
c) Endocytosis and exocytosis
the biochemical and physiological effects of
d) Passive diffusion (lipid diffusion)
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
05. What kind of substances can’t permeate membranes by passive diffusion?
a) Lipid-soluble
therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) Non-ionized substances Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
c) Hydrophobic substances developing new medications, enhancing the
d) Hydrophilic substances efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
06. A hydrophilic medicinal ensuring
agent has thethefollowing
optimalproperty:
therapeutic use of drugs.y
a) Low ability to penetrate
of drugthrough
action theand
cell membrane
its effects lipids
on living
b) Penetrate through membranes by means of endocytosis
organisms, plays
c) Easy permeation through the blood-brain barrier
a pivotal role in modern
medicine
d) High reabsorption in renal tubules and healthcare. This scientific
07. What is implied by «activediscipline
transport»?encompasses understanding the
biochemical
a) Transport of drugs trough a membrane and byphysiological
means of diffusion effects of drugs,
theirconsumption
b) Transport without energy mechanisms of action, and their
c) Engulf of drug by a cell membrane with
therapeutic anda adverse
new vesicle formation
effects.
d) Transport against concentration gradient
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
08. What does the term “bioavailability”
developingmean? new medications, enhancing the
a) Plasma protein binding degree of substance
b) Permeability through the brain-blood safety
efficacy and barrier of existing ones, and
ensuring the
c) Fraction of an uncharged drug reaching optimal thetherapeutic use of following any route administration
systemic circulation
d) Amount of a substance drugs.ology,
in urine relative thetostudy of doze
the initial drug action and its
09. The reasons determingeffects on living
bioavailability are: organisms, plays a pivotal role
a) Rheological parameters in modern
of blood medicine and healthcare. This
b) Amount of a substance obtaineddiscipline
scientific orally and quantity of intakes understanding
encompasses
c) Extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect
the biochemical and physiological effects of
d) Glomerular filtration rate
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
10. Pick out the appropriate alimentary route of administration when passage of drugs through liver is minimized:
a) Oral therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) Transdermal Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
c) Rectal developing new medications, enhancing the
d) Intraduodenal efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
11. Which route of drug administration
ensuring the is most likely to
optimal lead to the first-pass
therapeutic use of effect?
drugs.
a) Sublingual Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
therapeutic and adverse effects.
Pharmacologists are choice
Multiple at thequestions
forefront of
developing new medications, enhancing the
Multiple choice questions
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
, Pharmac Pharmacology, the stud
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role 6
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
b) Oral
c) Intravenous
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
d) Intramuscular the biochemical and physiological effects of
12. What is characteristic ofdrugs,
the oraltheir
route? mechanisms of action, and their
a) Fast onset of effect therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) Absorption depends Pharmacologists areand
on GI tract secretion at motor
the forefront
functionof
c) A drug reaches the blood passing the liver
developing new medications, enhancing the
d) The sterilization of medicinal forms is obligatory
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
13. Tick the feature of the sublingual
ensuringroute: the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
a) Pretty fast absorption
b) A drug is exposed to gastric secretion the study of drug action and its
Pharmacology,
c) A drug is exposed more effects on living
prominent organisms, plays a pivotal role
liver metabolism
in modern medicine
d) A drug can be administrated in a variety of and healthcare. This
doses
14. scientific
Pick out the parenteral route discipline
of medicinal agentencompasses
administration: understanding
a) Rectal the biochemical and physiological effects of
b) Oral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
c) Sublingual
d) Inhalation
therapeutic and adverse effects.
15. Parenteral administration:
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
a) Cannot be used with developing
unconsciousness newpatients
medications, enhancing the
b) Generally results in aefficacy
less accurateanddosage
safetythan of existing ones, and
oral administration
c) Usually produces a ensuring
more rapidthe optimal
response therapeutic
than use of drugs.
oral administration
d) Is too slow for emergency use
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
16. What is characteristic ofeffects
the intramuscular
on living route of drug administration?
organisms, plays a pivotal role
a) Only water solutions can be injected
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
b) Oily solutions can be injected
scientific
c) Opportunity of hypertonic solution discipline
injections encompasses understanding
the biochemical
d) The action develops slower, and physiological effects of
than at oral administration
17. Intravenous injections are drugs,
more their
suitablemechanisms
for oily solutions:of action, and their
a) True therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) False Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
18. Correct statements listing developing
characteristicsnewof medications,
a particular routeenhancing the
of drug administration include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Intravenous administration
efficacyprovides
and asafety
rapid response
of existing ones, and
b) Intramuscular administration requires a sterile technique
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.y
c) Inhalation provides slow access to the general circulation
of drug may
d) Subcutaneous administration actioncauseand itsirritation
local effects on living
19. organisms,
Most of drugs are distributed homogeneously. plays a pivotal role in modern
a) True medicine and healthcare. This scientific
b) False discipline encompasses understanding the
20. Biological barriers includebiochemical
all except: and physiological effects of drugs,
a) Renal tubules their mechanisms of action, and their
b) Cell membranes therapeutic and adverse effects.
c) Capillary walls
d) Placenta Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
21.
developing new medications, enhancing the
What is the reason of complicated penetration of some drugs through brain-blood barrier?
a) High lipid solubility ofefficacy
a drug and safety of existing ones, and
b) Meningitis ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of
c) Absence of pores indrugs.ology,
the brain capillary the study of drug action and its
endothelium
d) High endocytosis degree in a brain capillary
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
22. The volume of distribution (Vd) relates:
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
a) Single to a daily dose of an administrated drug
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
b) An administrated dose to a body weight
the biochemical
c) An uncharged drug reaching the systemicand physiological effects of
circulation
drugs, their mechanisms
d) The amount of a drug in the body to the concentration of action, and their
of a drug in plasma
23. For the calculation of the therapeutic and adverse
volume of distribution (Vd) oneeffects.
must take into account:
Pharmacologists
a) Concentration of a substance in plasmaare at the forefront of
b) Concentration of substance in urinenew medications, enhancing the
developing
c) Therapeutical width ofefficacy
drug actionand safety of existing ones, and
d) A daily dose of drug
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
24. A small amount of the volume of distribution is common for lipophylic substances easy penetrating through barriers and
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
widely distributing in plasma, interstitial and cell fluids:
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
therapeutic and adverse effects.
Pharmacologists are choice
Multiple at thequestions
forefront of
developing new medications, enhancing the
Multiple choice questions
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
, Pharmac Pharmacology, the stud
Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This 7
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
a) True
b) False the biochemical and physiological effects of
25.
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
The term “biotransformation” includes the following:
therapeutic
a) Accumulation of substances in a fatand
tissue adverse effects.
b) Binding of substances Pharmacologists
with plasma proteinsare at the forefront of
c) Accumulation of substances in a tissue
developing new medications, enhancing the
d) Process of physicochemical
efficacy andand biochemical alteration
safety of existing of a drug
ones, and in the body
26. Biotransformation of theensuring
drugs is tothe
render them:
optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
a) Less ionized
Pharmacology,
b) More pharmacologically active
the study of drug action and its
c) More lipid soluble effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
d) Less lipid soluble in modern medicine and healthcare. This
27. scientific
Tick the drug type for which discipline
microsomal encompasses
oxidation understanding
is the most prominent:
a) Lipid soluble the biochemical and physiological effects of
b) Water soluble drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
c) Low molecular weight
therapeutic and adverse effects.
d) High molecular weight
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
28. Pick out the right statement:
a) Microsomal oxidationdeveloping
always resultsnew medications,
in inactivation enhancing the
of a compound
b) Microsomal oxidationefficacy
results in and safetyofofcompound
a decrease existingtoxicity
ones, and
c) Microsomal oxidation ensuring the
results in anoptimal
increasetherapeutic
of ionizationuse and of drugs.
water solubility of a drug
d) Microsomal oxidationPharmacology,
results in an increase theofstudy
lipid solubility
of drugofaction
a drug thus
anditsitsexcretion from the organism is facilitated
29. effectsenzymes
Stimulation of liver microsomal on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
can:
a) Require the dose increase
in modernof some drugs and healthcare. This
medicine
b) Require the dose decrease of some drugs
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
c) Prolong the duration of the action of a drug
d) Intensify the unwanted the biochemical
reaction of a drug and physiological effects of
30. Metabolic transformation (phase 1) is: mechanisms of action, and their
drugs, their
therapeutic
a) Acetylation and methylation and adverse effects.
of substances
Pharmacologists
b) Transformation of substances are at the
due to oxidation, forefront
reduction of
or hydrolysis
c) Glucuronide formation developing new medications, enhancing the
d) Binding to plasma proteins
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
31. Biotransformation of a medicinal
ensuringsubstance
the optimal results in:
therapeutic use of drugs.y
a) Faster urinary excretion
b) Slower urinary excretionof drug action and its effects on living
organisms, plays a pivotal role in modern
c) Easier distribution in organism
medicine and healthcare. This scientific
d) Higher binding to membranes
32. Conjugation is: discipline encompasses understanding the
a) Process of drug reduction by specialand
biochemical enzymesphysiological effects of drugs,
b) Process of drug oxidation by special oxidases
their mechanisms of action, and their
c) Coupling of a drug with an endogenous substrate
d) Solubilization in lipidstherapeutic and adverse effects.
33.
Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
Which of the following processes proceeds in the second phase of biotransformation?
a) Acetylation developing new medications, enhancing the
b) Reduction efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
c) Oxidation ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of
d) Hydrolysis drugs.ology, the study of drug action and its
34. Conjugation of a drug includes
effectsthe onfollowing EXCEPT:
living organisms, plays a pivotal role
a) Glucoronidation
b) Sulfate formation
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
c) Hydrolysis scientific discipline encompasses understanding
d) Methylation the biochemical and physiological effects of
35. Metabolic transformation drugs, their mechanisms
and conjugation usually results of inaction, and of
an increase their
a substance biological activity:
a) True therapeutic and adverse effects.
b) False Pharmacologists are at the forefront of
36. In case of liver disorders developing
accompanied newby amedications, enhancing
decline in microsomal enzymetheactivity the duration of action of some drugs
is: efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
a) Decreased
b) Enlarged
ensuring the optimal therapeutic use of drugs.
c) Remained unchanged Pharmacology, the study of drug action and its
d) Changed insignificantly effects on living organisms, plays a pivotal role
in modern medicine and healthcare. This
scientific discipline encompasses understanding
the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their
therapeutic and adverse effects.
Pharmacologists are choice
Multiple at thequestions
forefront of
developing new medications, enhancing the
Multiple choice questions
efficacy and safety of existing ones, and
