1. Introduction to Statistics (Key
Principles of the Statistical Method)
Absolute Change - correct answer-The raw increase or decrease in the value of a variable
Accuracy - correct answer-The extent to which the values, when considered all together,
center around the correct value for a variable.
Available Data - correct answer-Data collected by some other entity - a government
organization or private company.
Bias - correct answer-The systematic favoring of certain outcomes in a study. There are
many ways to introduce bias into a study.
Binomial Question - correct answer-A question with only two answer choices.
Blinding - correct answer-The practice of making sure that certain individuals do not know
which subjects are receiving which
treatment.
Calculating Absolute change - correct answer-Absolute change=New(Observed)
Value-Original (actual) value
Calculating Relative Change - correct answer-Relative Change=Absolute Change/Original
Value
Census - correct answer-Using the entire population to obtain data.
Closed Question - correct answer-A question type with only so many different answer
choices.
Cluster Sample - correct answer-A sampling method where the population is separated into
groups, typically geographically, and a random selection of clusters is made. Each individual
in the cluster becomes part of the sample.
Clusters - correct answer-Smaller subgroups of the population, not necessarily similar in any
way besides all being together in one
place, making the individuals easier to sample together.
Completely Randomized Design - correct answer-An experimental design where the
assignment of subjects to treatments is done entirely at random
Confidence Interval - correct answer-A range of potential values that the true value could be.
It is obtained by adding and subtracting the margin of error from the value in the sample.
, Confounding - correct answer-Occurs when the effects of the treatments, if any, are
indistinguishable from the potential effects of some
other variable which was unaccounted for.
Confounding Variable - correct answer-A variable which was not accounted for in a study,
which limits the conclusions that the study can draw.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) - correct answer-An index published by the US Bureau of Labor
Statistics that shows the change in the price of many different goods or services in the
United States. It provides a measure of purchasing power.
Continuous Data - correct answer-Quantitative data that can take any value within an
interval.
eg. temperature, commute time, and wait (can take on any value within a range).
Control - correct answer-The principle of experimental design that requires that other
variables which may confound the experiment
be held constant between the treatment groups so that any differences in the groups can be
attributed to the different treatments.
Convenience Sample - correct answer-A sample that is easily obtained. It is often not
representative of the population.
Data - correct answer-Information used in a study to answer a statistical question
Deliberate Bias - correct answer-The purposeful misrepresentation of data for the purpose of
advancing an agenda.
Descriptive statistics - correct answer-Using only the information at hand to describe the
selected group of individuals
Discrete Data - correct answer-Quantitative Data that can only take so many different
values.
Can only take whole number values (can't have half a pet).
Double-blind experiments - correct answer-An experiment where neither the subjects nor
anyone in contact with them has any knowledge of which
subjects are receiving which treatment.
Estimate - correct answer-The mean value obtained from the sample. If the sample was
well-collected, the estimate should be
reasonably close to the true value.
Experiment - correct answer-A type of study where researchers impose treatments on the
participants or experimental units.
Principles of the Statistical Method)
Absolute Change - correct answer-The raw increase or decrease in the value of a variable
Accuracy - correct answer-The extent to which the values, when considered all together,
center around the correct value for a variable.
Available Data - correct answer-Data collected by some other entity - a government
organization or private company.
Bias - correct answer-The systematic favoring of certain outcomes in a study. There are
many ways to introduce bias into a study.
Binomial Question - correct answer-A question with only two answer choices.
Blinding - correct answer-The practice of making sure that certain individuals do not know
which subjects are receiving which
treatment.
Calculating Absolute change - correct answer-Absolute change=New(Observed)
Value-Original (actual) value
Calculating Relative Change - correct answer-Relative Change=Absolute Change/Original
Value
Census - correct answer-Using the entire population to obtain data.
Closed Question - correct answer-A question type with only so many different answer
choices.
Cluster Sample - correct answer-A sampling method where the population is separated into
groups, typically geographically, and a random selection of clusters is made. Each individual
in the cluster becomes part of the sample.
Clusters - correct answer-Smaller subgroups of the population, not necessarily similar in any
way besides all being together in one
place, making the individuals easier to sample together.
Completely Randomized Design - correct answer-An experimental design where the
assignment of subjects to treatments is done entirely at random
Confidence Interval - correct answer-A range of potential values that the true value could be.
It is obtained by adding and subtracting the margin of error from the value in the sample.
, Confounding - correct answer-Occurs when the effects of the treatments, if any, are
indistinguishable from the potential effects of some
other variable which was unaccounted for.
Confounding Variable - correct answer-A variable which was not accounted for in a study,
which limits the conclusions that the study can draw.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) - correct answer-An index published by the US Bureau of Labor
Statistics that shows the change in the price of many different goods or services in the
United States. It provides a measure of purchasing power.
Continuous Data - correct answer-Quantitative data that can take any value within an
interval.
eg. temperature, commute time, and wait (can take on any value within a range).
Control - correct answer-The principle of experimental design that requires that other
variables which may confound the experiment
be held constant between the treatment groups so that any differences in the groups can be
attributed to the different treatments.
Convenience Sample - correct answer-A sample that is easily obtained. It is often not
representative of the population.
Data - correct answer-Information used in a study to answer a statistical question
Deliberate Bias - correct answer-The purposeful misrepresentation of data for the purpose of
advancing an agenda.
Descriptive statistics - correct answer-Using only the information at hand to describe the
selected group of individuals
Discrete Data - correct answer-Quantitative Data that can only take so many different
values.
Can only take whole number values (can't have half a pet).
Double-blind experiments - correct answer-An experiment where neither the subjects nor
anyone in contact with them has any knowledge of which
subjects are receiving which treatment.
Estimate - correct answer-The mean value obtained from the sample. If the sample was
well-collected, the estimate should be
reasonably close to the true value.
Experiment - correct answer-A type of study where researchers impose treatments on the
participants or experimental units.
