MDSC 515 final Questions and Answers | New One | Grade A+

thalidomide Ans: -anti-convulsive drug - made users sleepy and relaxed -impossible to achieve LD50 of the drug (this is when 50% of the test organisms die due to poisoning from it) -animal tests did not determine the effects during pregnancy -it was highly toxic during pregnancy - babies were born without limbs due to it -pregnant women had been taking it as it reduced morning sickness -eventually it was withdrawn as the outcomes were bad theranos Ans: -theranos testing only required a drop of blood for thousands of tests to be completed on individuals -it was also a cheaper method than typical conventional methods -it began to become more popular in lots of pharmacies -then an investigation discovered it was fabricating a lot of its results and then it was withdrawn as a method Hydroxychloroquine Ans: -originally an anti-malarial drug -used now for a lot of rheumatoid conditions (auto-immune) -anti-inflammatory - inhibit lysosome functions (inflammatory functions such as release of inflammatory cytokines and build up of cellular debris) -anti-malarial function involves the inhibition of malarial haemozoinb formation to avoid toxic buildup of heme breakdown products (haemozoin formation required for the survival of malaria in the cells otherwise it is attacked by toxic effects of heme) -was originally said to decrease covid replication -after studies it was shown not to be associated evidence based medicine Ans: -integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values Bradford hill criteria Ans: 1. strength of association - larger association = more likely it was the cause 2. consistency: if the findings have been consistently found it is more likely they are true 3. specificity: more specific an association the more likely there is a causal relationship 4. temporality: the effect came after the cause - can know that it was potentially the cause of it 5. biological gradient: greater exposure leads to greater outcomes 6. plausibility: plausible mechanism between cause and effect 7. coherence: coherence between epidemiological and laboratory findings increases the likelihood of the effect. 8. experimental evidence 9. analogy: the use of analogies or similarities between the observed associations and other associations 10. reversibility: if the cause is deleted then the effect disappears as well framing research questions Ans: -establish a framework to evaluate the research