NUTR 331: Units 1-8 (midterm 1) Summarized Questions and Answers 100% Pass

NUTR 331: Units 1-8 (midterm 1) Summarized Questions and Answers 100% Pass define nutrition - CORRECT ANS-The study of the nutrients and other biologically active compounds in foods and in the body (sometimes also the study of human behaviors related to food) discuss the nature of nutrients - CORRECT ANS-The six major classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids (fats), protein, vitamins, minerals, and water. b. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water are called macronutrients. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as energy-yielding nutrients. Vitamins and most minerals are required in smaller amounts (milligrams or micrograms), so they are called micronutrients. Four methods of assessing nutritional status - CORRECT ANS-Nutritional History, anthropometry, physical examinations, Laboratory tests nutritional history - CORRECT ANS-includes an assessment of the person's diet. Many other aspects of the person's history are recorded, including medical history, particularly of diet-related conditions. Socioeconomic history is also important, because it provides information about personal, financial, and environmental influences on food intake. anthropometric measures - CORRECT ANS-the physical characteristics of the body, such as height and weight. These measures alert the assessor to serious problems such as growth failure in children, wasting or swelling of body tissues in adults, and obesity— conditions that reflect nutrient deficiencies or excesses. physical examination - CORRECT ANS-looks for clues to poor nutritional health status. Various parts of the body can be inspected; posture may also be assessed. Provide evidence of deficiencies, imbalances, and toxicity status. Laboratory Tests - CORRECT ANS-Detect a developing deficiency, imbalance, or toxic state by taking samples of body fluids, such as blood or urine, and analyze them in a laboratory. In the early stages of malnutrition, body changes may not be obvious, but biochemical tests may reveal problems. biochemical abnormalities shown by laboratory tests do not indicate whether the cause is inadequate dietary intake (primary deficiency), or something other than diet (secondary deficiency). The only way of confirming whether a nutritional deficiency is dietary in origin is to do a dietary assessment. describe four methods of diet information collection for nutritional analysis of individuals or groups of people. - CORRECT ANS-Diet history, food diary, 24 hour recall, food frequency Diet History - CORRECT ANS-Used by health professionals, such as dieticians, to assess an individual's eating habits or usual food intake. Can reveal socioeconomic and cultural influences, food intolerances, food likes and dislikes. Usually conducted along with one of the three other diet assessment methods to determine nutrient intake for the total diet. Serves health professionals well for planning healthy eating strategies. This method is time consuming and expensive Food Diary - CORRECT ANS-Person keeps a record with detailed notes about their diet, including foods eaten, type, amount, preparation 24 hour recall - CORRECT ANS-Individual is asked to recall everything that they have consumed in the last 24 hours. Useful for research studies but not to assess if there are any nutritional deficiencies. Food models may be used to help estimate serving sizes Food Frequency - CORRECT ANS-Assesses diets and nutrient intakes and widely used in epidemiological studies. Track the diet consumption of a large group of people. The information tracked includes how often a particular food or type of food is consumed during a specified period of time—day, week, month, or year. explain the uses of food composition databases. - CORRECT ANS-They are a resource to determine the amounts of nutrients a person or a group of people are consuming and to assess the nutritional value of a menu for a seniors' lodge or daycare. 2. They are used to identify foods which tend to be high or low in specific nutrients. explain the limitations of food composition databases. - CORRECT ANS-1) Several nutrients are not included in food composition tables 2) Not all foods have been tested for all nutrients, so many have missing values. 3) With so many influencing factors, nutrient data are at best an approximation. 4) The calculated amount of a nutrient in a given food should not be assumed to be completely absorbed by the body. 5) Mixed dishes vary widely in nutrient composition. 6) As the legislation on enrichment and fortification differs between countries, food products have a nutrient composition slight variations describe types of studies used in establishing the role of diet in disease - CORRECT ANS-These studies include epidemiological studies (including population, historical, case-control, and cohort studies), intervention studies, animal studies, biochemical and physiological studies, as well as anecdotal evidence. Intervention studies - CORRECT ANS-volunteers are instructed on changes they must make to their diet. Typically, there are two groups: an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group is instructed to make a single dietary change. The members of the control group continue with their regular diet. Because of the inclusion of a control group, this type of study is called a controlled trial. After an appropriate period of time, the two groups are compared. Any differences between the groups should be the result of the single intervention. Disadvantages of Intervention studies - CORRECT ANS-Placebo effect, Random chance, Researcher bias, Uncontrolled studies Placebo Effect - CORRECT ANS-if people with particular illness are given an inert substance and are told it's medicine, many will report they feel better. Reduce by making placebo as similar to active treatment How to reduce random chance - CORRECT ANS-1) test groups must be large enough to reduce the effect of random chance influences (usually 30 or more subjects per group); 2) to help prevent bias, subjects are randomly placed into the groups; and 3) the two groups are compared at the start to make sure that they are similar with respect to factors relevant to the study What are 5 characteristics of a well-designed intervention study? - CORRECT ANS-Double blind study, to overcome the bias of investigators. Large test groups, groups are as similar as possible, groups are randomized, and placebo is similar to the active treatment. Errors of Uncontrolled study - CORRECT ANS-many conditions clear up without treatment. Another source of error is in the assessment of subjects Advantages of Intervention studies - CORRECT ANS-can be carried out on healthy subjects with the aim of preventing disease or on sick people to test a treatment (clinical study). Shows CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP btw nutrition variable and disease Anecdotal evidence - CORRECT ANS-both the simplest and the least reliable avenue for studying the role of diet in disease. The investigator makes inferences from the experiences of one or more individuals case studies. Can lead to a reliable conclusion where there are many similar reports describing an unusual condition. Advantages of anecdotal evidence - CORRECT ANS-Completely new and previously unsuspected relationships can be discovered. Side effects from new drugs, for example, are often uncovered when many reports based on individual patients are collated and a distinctive pattern emerges