ALL CFS 100 TERMS/CONCEPTS QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!!
What determines the sex of a baby? Answer - Genitals, reproductive organs, and genes determine whether a person is female or male. XX = female. XY = male.
What is a gene-environment interaction? Answer - People respond differently to the same environment due to genetic makeup.
Genotype Answer - The genetic makeup of an individual.
Phenotype Answer - The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction between genes and the environment.
How is a gene-environment interaction different from a gene-environment correlation? Answer - gene-environment interaction discusses how people respond differently to the environment based on their own genetic makeup while gene-
environment correlation discusses how genes influence the environment we are exposed to, making environment and heredity correlated.
What are the three types of gene-environment correlations? Answer - the three types of gene-environment correlations are: passive, which is when a child doesn't get to decide their genes or environment (i.e. child being put through numerous sporting clubs/events due to parents); evocative, which is when the child evokes responses from people in their environment (i.e. more outgoing child being with more
friendly people); and active, which is when the child is actively seeking out environments to complement their genes (athletic child seeks out more sporting opportunities)
What does the heritability estimate refer to? How is this measured? Answer - The portion of individual differences attributable to genetics. "how much does heredity contribute to behavior". studied through kinship studies, which compares the characteristics of family members and compares identical twins to fraternal twins
How many stages of labor are there? What are they? Answer - 3 stages - stage 1: dilation and effacement of the cervix (longest stage and lasts 12-14 hours). stage 2: pushing the birth of the baby (15-20 mins). stage 3: delivering of the placenta (5-10 mins for placenta to separate from the wall of uterus) What is the APGAR? Answer - Assessment of the newborn's physical condition a minute to 5 minutes after birth. a = appearance, p = pulse, g = grimace, a = activity, r
= respiration
When is the age of viability? Answer - The earliest period of time a baby can be born, which is about 22-26 weeks.
How developed are the baby's senses at birth? Answer - Most senses are well-
developed, except for vision which is least developed.
What is the first period of pregnancy Answer - period of the zygote/germinal: lasting 2 weeks, involving fertilization, implantation, and the start of the placenta.
What is the second period of pregnancy Answer - period of the embryo: lasting 6 weeks, where the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.
what is the third period of pregnancy Answer - period of the fetus: referred to as the 'growth and finishing' period, where the fetus starts to acquire taste and odor preferences from amniotic fluid. this is the age of viability and sex can be detected with an ultrasound.
What is a teratogen? Answer - Any environmental agent that can cause harm to the developing organism.
What affects the impact of teratogens? Answer - the age at time of exposure and amount of exposure determines the impact of teratogens. embryonic period is the most severe due to the foundation being laid at this time.
How is preterm different from small-for-date? Answer - a preterm baby can still be of
appropriate weight for the length of the pregnancy while a small-for-date baby is below the expected weight for the length of the pregnancy and usually leads to more serious problems
Dizygotic/Fraternal Twins Answer - Twins resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova.
Monozygotic/IdenticalTwins Answer - Twins resulting from a single zygote separating to form two individuals.
What is the function of the placenta? Answer - Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
Why is breastmilk so beneficial? Answer - Provides correct balance of fat and protein, ensures nutritional completeness, ensures healthy physical growth, and protection against many diseases.
Cephalocaudal Growth Trend Answer - The head grows earlier and faster than the lower part of the body. Proximodistal Growth Trend Answer - The head, chest, and trunk grow earlier and faster than the extremities.
What does brain plasticity refer to? Why is the brain so plastic in the first two years of
life? Answer - brain plasticity refers to young children's brain, which are not yet specialized and recover better from injury. this is because neuro fibers increase rapidly and there is a lot of neuro death occurring. many more neurons are produced
than we will ever need
Near-Infrared Optical Topography Answer - Measures brain functioning of young children by examining the cerebral cortex. As a baby is processing a stimulus, event-
related potentials that measure responsiveness detect the location of brainwave activity (used to study preverbal responsiveness)
What is habituation? Why do researchers rely on this technique? What does it tell us? Answer - habituation is the gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to a repetitive stimulation (aka a baby gets bored). it tells us that the shorter a baby looks at something, the more bored it gets. researchers rely on this technique because they had to find a way to tap into infant memory and knowledge due to the babies being preverbal.
What are the milestones in reaching? Answer - newborns engage in prereaching (reaching out with barely any contact); in 3-4 month olds, they are reaching with ulnar grasp (general grab); in 4-5 month olds, they are able to transfer objects from hand to hand; in 9 month olds, they engage in pincer grasp (pinch grab)
What are Thomas and Chess's different categories of temperament? Answer - easy children (40% of children) - quickly establish routines, cheerful, and easily adaptable.
difficult children (10%) - irregular in routine, slow to accept new experiences, slow to react intensely/negatively. slow to warm up (15%) - inactive, slow/mild reactions and adjustments, negative mood
What does goodness of fit refer to? Answer - it combines the genetics and the environment and encourages an effective match between child rearing and child's temperament
What are the different attachment styles? Answer - secure attachment (65%) - will explore and interact with strangers, happy upon parents return. avoidant attachment (20%) - no interaction with parent and no reaction upon separation and return. resistant attachment (10%) - seek closeness to parent and fail to explore environment, clinginess. disorganized/disoriented (5%) - extremely unusual behavior
What is an internal working model? Answer - Describes relationships and the availability of caregivers that individuals use as the basis for relationships with others
throughout childhood and beyond.
Erikson's Stage for Infants Answer - Basic trust vs mistrust: develop trust with caregiver.
What determines the sex of a baby? Answer - Genitals, reproductive organs, and genes determine whether a person is female or male. XX = female. XY = male.
What is a gene-environment interaction? Answer - People respond differently to the same environment due to genetic makeup.
Genotype Answer - The genetic makeup of an individual.
Phenotype Answer - The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction between genes and the environment.
How is a gene-environment interaction different from a gene-environment correlation? Answer - gene-environment interaction discusses how people respond differently to the environment based on their own genetic makeup while gene-
environment correlation discusses how genes influence the environment we are exposed to, making environment and heredity correlated.
What are the three types of gene-environment correlations? Answer - the three types of gene-environment correlations are: passive, which is when a child doesn't get to decide their genes or environment (i.e. child being put through numerous sporting clubs/events due to parents); evocative, which is when the child evokes responses from people in their environment (i.e. more outgoing child being with more
friendly people); and active, which is when the child is actively seeking out environments to complement their genes (athletic child seeks out more sporting opportunities)
What does the heritability estimate refer to? How is this measured? Answer - The portion of individual differences attributable to genetics. "how much does heredity contribute to behavior". studied through kinship studies, which compares the characteristics of family members and compares identical twins to fraternal twins
How many stages of labor are there? What are they? Answer - 3 stages - stage 1: dilation and effacement of the cervix (longest stage and lasts 12-14 hours). stage 2: pushing the birth of the baby (15-20 mins). stage 3: delivering of the placenta (5-10 mins for placenta to separate from the wall of uterus) What is the APGAR? Answer - Assessment of the newborn's physical condition a minute to 5 minutes after birth. a = appearance, p = pulse, g = grimace, a = activity, r
= respiration
When is the age of viability? Answer - The earliest period of time a baby can be born, which is about 22-26 weeks.
How developed are the baby's senses at birth? Answer - Most senses are well-
developed, except for vision which is least developed.
What is the first period of pregnancy Answer - period of the zygote/germinal: lasting 2 weeks, involving fertilization, implantation, and the start of the placenta.
What is the second period of pregnancy Answer - period of the embryo: lasting 6 weeks, where the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.
what is the third period of pregnancy Answer - period of the fetus: referred to as the 'growth and finishing' period, where the fetus starts to acquire taste and odor preferences from amniotic fluid. this is the age of viability and sex can be detected with an ultrasound.
What is a teratogen? Answer - Any environmental agent that can cause harm to the developing organism.
What affects the impact of teratogens? Answer - the age at time of exposure and amount of exposure determines the impact of teratogens. embryonic period is the most severe due to the foundation being laid at this time.
How is preterm different from small-for-date? Answer - a preterm baby can still be of
appropriate weight for the length of the pregnancy while a small-for-date baby is below the expected weight for the length of the pregnancy and usually leads to more serious problems
Dizygotic/Fraternal Twins Answer - Twins resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova.
Monozygotic/IdenticalTwins Answer - Twins resulting from a single zygote separating to form two individuals.
What is the function of the placenta? Answer - Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
Why is breastmilk so beneficial? Answer - Provides correct balance of fat and protein, ensures nutritional completeness, ensures healthy physical growth, and protection against many diseases.
Cephalocaudal Growth Trend Answer - The head grows earlier and faster than the lower part of the body. Proximodistal Growth Trend Answer - The head, chest, and trunk grow earlier and faster than the extremities.
What does brain plasticity refer to? Why is the brain so plastic in the first two years of
life? Answer - brain plasticity refers to young children's brain, which are not yet specialized and recover better from injury. this is because neuro fibers increase rapidly and there is a lot of neuro death occurring. many more neurons are produced
than we will ever need
Near-Infrared Optical Topography Answer - Measures brain functioning of young children by examining the cerebral cortex. As a baby is processing a stimulus, event-
related potentials that measure responsiveness detect the location of brainwave activity (used to study preverbal responsiveness)
What is habituation? Why do researchers rely on this technique? What does it tell us? Answer - habituation is the gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to a repetitive stimulation (aka a baby gets bored). it tells us that the shorter a baby looks at something, the more bored it gets. researchers rely on this technique because they had to find a way to tap into infant memory and knowledge due to the babies being preverbal.
What are the milestones in reaching? Answer - newborns engage in prereaching (reaching out with barely any contact); in 3-4 month olds, they are reaching with ulnar grasp (general grab); in 4-5 month olds, they are able to transfer objects from hand to hand; in 9 month olds, they engage in pincer grasp (pinch grab)
What are Thomas and Chess's different categories of temperament? Answer - easy children (40% of children) - quickly establish routines, cheerful, and easily adaptable.
difficult children (10%) - irregular in routine, slow to accept new experiences, slow to react intensely/negatively. slow to warm up (15%) - inactive, slow/mild reactions and adjustments, negative mood
What does goodness of fit refer to? Answer - it combines the genetics and the environment and encourages an effective match between child rearing and child's temperament
What are the different attachment styles? Answer - secure attachment (65%) - will explore and interact with strangers, happy upon parents return. avoidant attachment (20%) - no interaction with parent and no reaction upon separation and return. resistant attachment (10%) - seek closeness to parent and fail to explore environment, clinginess. disorganized/disoriented (5%) - extremely unusual behavior
What is an internal working model? Answer - Describes relationships and the availability of caregivers that individuals use as the basis for relationships with others
throughout childhood and beyond.
Erikson's Stage for Infants Answer - Basic trust vs mistrust: develop trust with caregiver.
