RESEARCH METHODS EXAM #17 CH. 1-4 SOLVED 100%
Authority - correct answer whenever we accept the validity of information from a source
that we judge to be expert or influential in some way
A priori method - correct answer Use of reason, and a developed consensus among
those debating the merits of one belief over another
Empiricism - correct answer process of learning things through direct observation or
experience, & reflects on those experience
Belief perseveration - correct answer motivated by a desire to be certain about one's
knowledge, it is a tendency to hold on doggedly to a belief, even in the face of evidence
that would convince most people that the belief is false
Confirmation bias - correct answer tendency to search out & pay special attention to
information that supports one's beliefs, while ignoring information that contradicts one's
belief
Availability heuristic - correct answer when we experience unusual or very memorable
events & then overestimate how often such events occur
Determinism - correct answer events; including psychological ones, have causes
Discoverability - correct answer by using agreed-upon scientific methods, these causes
can be discovered, with some degree of confidence
Statistical determinism - correct answer events can be predicted, but only with
probability greater than chance
Objectivity - correct answer procedures result in knowledge that can be publicly verified
Replication - correct answer process of repeating a study to determine if its results
occur reliably
Introspection - correct answer form of precise self-report; participants perform some
task & then provide a detailed description of their conscious experience of the task
Data-driven - correct answer expecting conclusions about behavior to be supported by
the evidence of objective information gathered through some systematic procedure
Tentative - correct answer subject to further revision
Empirical question - correct answer question that can be answered through the
systematic observations & techniques that characterize scientific methodology
, Hypothesis - correct answer prediction about a study's outcome
Theory - correct answer set of statements that summarize what is known about some
phenomenon & propose working explanations for those phenomena
Falsification - correct answer critically important attribute of a good theory; must be
precise enough so that it can be disproven
Pseudoscience - correct answer any field of inquiry that appears to use scientific
methods & tried hard to give that impression, but is actually based on inadequate,
unscientific methods & makes claims that are generally false
Anecdotal evidence - correct answer specific instances that seem to provide evidence
for some phenomena
Effort Justification - correct answer idea that after people expend significant effort, they
feel compelled to convince themselves that the effort was worthwhile
Description - correct answer identify regularly occurring sequences of events, including
both stimuli or environmental events & responses or behavioral events
Laws - correct answer regular & predictable relationships exist between variables
Prediction - correct answer strength of laws allows this to be made with some
confidence
Explanation - correct answer to know what caused something to happen
Causality - correct answer complicated process involving covariation, experimental
control, a time sequence with cause preceding effect, a theoretical structure, & the
ruling out of alternative explanations
Application - correct answer various ways of applying those principles of behavior
learned through research
1953 - correct answer What year was the first formal code of ethics published?
Nicholas Hobbs - correct answer Who was the leader of the committee that developed
the ethical standards for psychology?
Critical incidents - correct answer The technique the ethics committee used to survey
the entire membership of the APA asking them to provide examples of "incidents" of
unethical conduct they knew.
The five general principles of the ethics code - correct answer 1. Beneficence and
Nonmaleficence
Authority - correct answer whenever we accept the validity of information from a source
that we judge to be expert or influential in some way
A priori method - correct answer Use of reason, and a developed consensus among
those debating the merits of one belief over another
Empiricism - correct answer process of learning things through direct observation or
experience, & reflects on those experience
Belief perseveration - correct answer motivated by a desire to be certain about one's
knowledge, it is a tendency to hold on doggedly to a belief, even in the face of evidence
that would convince most people that the belief is false
Confirmation bias - correct answer tendency to search out & pay special attention to
information that supports one's beliefs, while ignoring information that contradicts one's
belief
Availability heuristic - correct answer when we experience unusual or very memorable
events & then overestimate how often such events occur
Determinism - correct answer events; including psychological ones, have causes
Discoverability - correct answer by using agreed-upon scientific methods, these causes
can be discovered, with some degree of confidence
Statistical determinism - correct answer events can be predicted, but only with
probability greater than chance
Objectivity - correct answer procedures result in knowledge that can be publicly verified
Replication - correct answer process of repeating a study to determine if its results
occur reliably
Introspection - correct answer form of precise self-report; participants perform some
task & then provide a detailed description of their conscious experience of the task
Data-driven - correct answer expecting conclusions about behavior to be supported by
the evidence of objective information gathered through some systematic procedure
Tentative - correct answer subject to further revision
Empirical question - correct answer question that can be answered through the
systematic observations & techniques that characterize scientific methodology
, Hypothesis - correct answer prediction about a study's outcome
Theory - correct answer set of statements that summarize what is known about some
phenomenon & propose working explanations for those phenomena
Falsification - correct answer critically important attribute of a good theory; must be
precise enough so that it can be disproven
Pseudoscience - correct answer any field of inquiry that appears to use scientific
methods & tried hard to give that impression, but is actually based on inadequate,
unscientific methods & makes claims that are generally false
Anecdotal evidence - correct answer specific instances that seem to provide evidence
for some phenomena
Effort Justification - correct answer idea that after people expend significant effort, they
feel compelled to convince themselves that the effort was worthwhile
Description - correct answer identify regularly occurring sequences of events, including
both stimuli or environmental events & responses or behavioral events
Laws - correct answer regular & predictable relationships exist between variables
Prediction - correct answer strength of laws allows this to be made with some
confidence
Explanation - correct answer to know what caused something to happen
Causality - correct answer complicated process involving covariation, experimental
control, a time sequence with cause preceding effect, a theoretical structure, & the
ruling out of alternative explanations
Application - correct answer various ways of applying those principles of behavior
learned through research
1953 - correct answer What year was the first formal code of ethics published?
Nicholas Hobbs - correct answer Who was the leader of the committee that developed
the ethical standards for psychology?
Critical incidents - correct answer The technique the ethics committee used to survey
the entire membership of the APA asking them to provide examples of "incidents" of
unethical conduct they knew.
The five general principles of the ethics code - correct answer 1. Beneficence and
Nonmaleficence
