Taneil Thompson
Genetics and Genetic Engineering
PLEASE NOTE THAT I HAVE SIFTED THROUGH THE IEB FINAL PAPERS
FROM 2011 TO 2018 AND ADDED SOME INFORMATION THAT KEPT
COMING UP. THIS INFORMATION IS IN PINK. I HAVE ALSO CHECKED
THROUGH THE SAGS DOCUMENT TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL THE
RELEVANT INFORMATION IS HERE. J
GENETICS
1. Genetics: branch of biology that studies hereditary and variation in
organisms
2. Gene: section of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic/ a
length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or protein
3. Gene pool: set of all genes, or genetic information, in a population of
sexually reproducing organisms
4. Hox genes: master control genes. Determine the way in which the
body develops from a single zygote.
5. House-keeping genes: make proteins for basic functions, active a lot
of the time
6. Epigenetics: control of genes
7. Alleles: genes responsible for controlling different versions of a trait
found in the same locus on homologous chromosomes
8. Gamete: a reproductive cell
9. Genotype: made up of all the genes an organism carries on its
chromosomes which it inherited from its parents
10. Phenotype: physical appearance of an organism
11. Homozygous: pair of alleles at locus are the same
12. Heterozygous: pair of alleles at locus are different (also known
as hybrid)
13. Dominant: trait expressed in offspring
14. Recessive: trait suppressed in the presence of dominant allele
15. Karyotype: all the chromosomes in a cell, showing their size,
number and shape
16. Genome: genetic make-up of an individual
17. Monohybrid crosses: cross between parents with different alleles
for a single gene/ When fertilization occurs between two true-
breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic
18. Polygenic inheritance: more than one pair of alleles responsible
for a single trait
SAHETI School, 2019
, Taneil Thompson
19. Continuous variation: graduations of a characteristic in a
phenotype
20. Mutation: sudden change in genetic make-up
21. Gene mutation: change in sequence of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule
22. Germ-line mutations: occur in reproductive organs
23. Neutral mutations: don’t affect life of organism
24. Somatic mutation: not transmitted to the next generation
25. Gametic mutation: lead to variation in offspring, new species
evolves (speciation)
26. Beneficial mutation: change in phenotype to adapt to
environment
27. Harmful mutation: leads to a defect that can cause harm to the
organism (more on this below)
28. Progeny: characteristics passed from parents to offspring
29. Autosome: body cell
30. Gonosome: Chromosomes containing information relating to
the sex of the individual
31. Carrier: someone who has a recessive gene in their cells but has
a normal, dominant phenotype
32. Filial generation: a generation in a breeding experiment that is
successive to a mating between parents of two distinctively different
but usually relatively pure genotypes.
Father of Genetics:
-Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
-Mendel said a gene is a unit of inheritance
-Austrian monk
-What did he do? He cross bred tall pea plants with short pea plants (made
sure to remove their anthers so that they couldn’t self-pollinate). The F1
generation (first set of offspring) were all tall pea plants. He allowed the
F1 generation to self-pollinate. The F2 generation (second set of offspring)
had a ratio of 3:1 for tall pea plants: short pea plants.
Mendel’s Laws:
1. Segregation: allele pairs segregate during meiosis so that the gametes
have a single allele for each trait and so that there are half the number
of chromosomes needed (23)
SAHETI School, 2019
Genetics and Genetic Engineering
PLEASE NOTE THAT I HAVE SIFTED THROUGH THE IEB FINAL PAPERS
FROM 2011 TO 2018 AND ADDED SOME INFORMATION THAT KEPT
COMING UP. THIS INFORMATION IS IN PINK. I HAVE ALSO CHECKED
THROUGH THE SAGS DOCUMENT TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL THE
RELEVANT INFORMATION IS HERE. J
GENETICS
1. Genetics: branch of biology that studies hereditary and variation in
organisms
2. Gene: section of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic/ a
length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or protein
3. Gene pool: set of all genes, or genetic information, in a population of
sexually reproducing organisms
4. Hox genes: master control genes. Determine the way in which the
body develops from a single zygote.
5. House-keeping genes: make proteins for basic functions, active a lot
of the time
6. Epigenetics: control of genes
7. Alleles: genes responsible for controlling different versions of a trait
found in the same locus on homologous chromosomes
8. Gamete: a reproductive cell
9. Genotype: made up of all the genes an organism carries on its
chromosomes which it inherited from its parents
10. Phenotype: physical appearance of an organism
11. Homozygous: pair of alleles at locus are the same
12. Heterozygous: pair of alleles at locus are different (also known
as hybrid)
13. Dominant: trait expressed in offspring
14. Recessive: trait suppressed in the presence of dominant allele
15. Karyotype: all the chromosomes in a cell, showing their size,
number and shape
16. Genome: genetic make-up of an individual
17. Monohybrid crosses: cross between parents with different alleles
for a single gene/ When fertilization occurs between two true-
breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic
18. Polygenic inheritance: more than one pair of alleles responsible
for a single trait
SAHETI School, 2019
, Taneil Thompson
19. Continuous variation: graduations of a characteristic in a
phenotype
20. Mutation: sudden change in genetic make-up
21. Gene mutation: change in sequence of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule
22. Germ-line mutations: occur in reproductive organs
23. Neutral mutations: don’t affect life of organism
24. Somatic mutation: not transmitted to the next generation
25. Gametic mutation: lead to variation in offspring, new species
evolves (speciation)
26. Beneficial mutation: change in phenotype to adapt to
environment
27. Harmful mutation: leads to a defect that can cause harm to the
organism (more on this below)
28. Progeny: characteristics passed from parents to offspring
29. Autosome: body cell
30. Gonosome: Chromosomes containing information relating to
the sex of the individual
31. Carrier: someone who has a recessive gene in their cells but has
a normal, dominant phenotype
32. Filial generation: a generation in a breeding experiment that is
successive to a mating between parents of two distinctively different
but usually relatively pure genotypes.
Father of Genetics:
-Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
-Mendel said a gene is a unit of inheritance
-Austrian monk
-What did he do? He cross bred tall pea plants with short pea plants (made
sure to remove their anthers so that they couldn’t self-pollinate). The F1
generation (first set of offspring) were all tall pea plants. He allowed the
F1 generation to self-pollinate. The F2 generation (second set of offspring)
had a ratio of 3:1 for tall pea plants: short pea plants.
Mendel’s Laws:
1. Segregation: allele pairs segregate during meiosis so that the gametes
have a single allele for each trait and so that there are half the number
of chromosomes needed (23)
SAHETI School, 2019
