NBME CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATED 2023/2024,ALL ANSWERS CORRECT AND BEST GRADED FOR A+ SCORE
Bulbus cordis - CORRECT ANSWERS Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
endocardial cushions - CORRECT ANSWERS Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV and semilunar valves
neural crest
left horn of the sinus venosus - CORRECT ANSWERS coronary sinus
posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins - CORRECT ANSWERS IVC
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein - CORRECT ANSWERS SVC
Right horn of sinus venosus - CORRECT ANSWERS Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
Patent foramen ovale - CORRECT ANSWERS failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus - CORRECT ANSWERS Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate
ductus venosus - CORRECT ANSWERS connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
phrenic nerve - CORRECT ANSWERS innervates the diaphragm and pericardium NBME CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATED 2023/2024,ALL ANSWERS CORRECT AND BEST GRADED FOR A+ SCORE
S3 heart sound - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation,
HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
S4 heart sound - CORRECT ANSWERS atrial kick late diastole, right before S1
best heard at apex in LLD position
High atrial pressure.
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Always abnormal
atria contract - CORRECT ANSWERS a wave of JVP
c wave - CORRECT ANSWERS RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP
x descent - CORRECT ANSWERS JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
V wave - CORRECT ANSWERS JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid valve
y descent - CORRECT ANSWERS JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
plusus parvus et tardus - CORRECT ANSWERS pulses are weak with delayed peak NBME CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATED 2023/2024,ALL ANSWERS CORRECT AND BEST GRADED FOR A+ SCORE
Aortic stenosis
PR interval - CORRECT ANSWERS 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
QT interval length - CORRECT ANSWERS 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
Hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWERS U wave present on ECG
Mg sulfate - CORRECT ANSWERS for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
Romano-Ward syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
Brugada syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most common in Asian males. -ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3 (anterior ventricular septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Most common type of ventriuclar pre-
excitation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to venricle bypasses the rate-slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shortened PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy. NBME CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATED 2023/2024,ALL ANSWERS CORRECT AND BEST GRADED FOR A+ SCORE
First degree AV block - CORRECT ANSWERS - PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec)
- Fixed but prolonged PRI (consistent but long)
- normally get bradycardia here
second degree AV block mobitz type 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS -PR interval is constant
-atrial conduction to ventricle is intermittent: dropped QRS without increasing PR interval length
-disease below AV node in His bundle
may progress to 3rd degree/complete AV block
Second Degree AV Block Mobitz Type 1 (wenckebach) - CORRECT ANSWERS Progressive lengthening
of pr interval leading to dropped QRS
third degree AV block - CORRECT ANSWERS The atria and Ventricles are totally dissociated. -So, the QRSs and the P waves have no relation to each other.
PCWP - CORRECT ANSWERS 4-12 mmHg
est of LA pressure
Williams Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but surprisingly good use of language relative to their other abilities, elfin facies
Chromosome 7
assoc with supravalvular aortic stenosis
DiGeorge Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Maldevelopment of 3 and 4 pharyngeal pouches, fascial dysmorphia, cardiac shunt (trunks arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot), lack of T-cells, undeveloped paracortex
Corneal arcus - CORRECT ANSWERS Lipid deposits in the cornea. Common in the elderly, but appears earlier in life with hypercholesterolemia
Bulbus cordis - CORRECT ANSWERS Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
endocardial cushions - CORRECT ANSWERS Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV and semilunar valves
neural crest
left horn of the sinus venosus - CORRECT ANSWERS coronary sinus
posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins - CORRECT ANSWERS IVC
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein - CORRECT ANSWERS SVC
Right horn of sinus venosus - CORRECT ANSWERS Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
Patent foramen ovale - CORRECT ANSWERS failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus - CORRECT ANSWERS Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate
ductus venosus - CORRECT ANSWERS connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
phrenic nerve - CORRECT ANSWERS innervates the diaphragm and pericardium NBME CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATED 2023/2024,ALL ANSWERS CORRECT AND BEST GRADED FOR A+ SCORE
S3 heart sound - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation,
HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
S4 heart sound - CORRECT ANSWERS atrial kick late diastole, right before S1
best heard at apex in LLD position
High atrial pressure.
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Always abnormal
atria contract - CORRECT ANSWERS a wave of JVP
c wave - CORRECT ANSWERS RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP
x descent - CORRECT ANSWERS JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
V wave - CORRECT ANSWERS JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid valve
y descent - CORRECT ANSWERS JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
plusus parvus et tardus - CORRECT ANSWERS pulses are weak with delayed peak NBME CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATED 2023/2024,ALL ANSWERS CORRECT AND BEST GRADED FOR A+ SCORE
Aortic stenosis
PR interval - CORRECT ANSWERS 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
QT interval length - CORRECT ANSWERS 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
Hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWERS U wave present on ECG
Mg sulfate - CORRECT ANSWERS for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
Romano-Ward syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
Brugada syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most common in Asian males. -ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3 (anterior ventricular septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Most common type of ventriuclar pre-
excitation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to venricle bypasses the rate-slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shortened PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy. NBME CBSE EXAM LATEST UPDATED 2023/2024,ALL ANSWERS CORRECT AND BEST GRADED FOR A+ SCORE
First degree AV block - CORRECT ANSWERS - PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec)
- Fixed but prolonged PRI (consistent but long)
- normally get bradycardia here
second degree AV block mobitz type 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS -PR interval is constant
-atrial conduction to ventricle is intermittent: dropped QRS without increasing PR interval length
-disease below AV node in His bundle
may progress to 3rd degree/complete AV block
Second Degree AV Block Mobitz Type 1 (wenckebach) - CORRECT ANSWERS Progressive lengthening
of pr interval leading to dropped QRS
third degree AV block - CORRECT ANSWERS The atria and Ventricles are totally dissociated. -So, the QRSs and the P waves have no relation to each other.
PCWP - CORRECT ANSWERS 4-12 mmHg
est of LA pressure
Williams Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but surprisingly good use of language relative to their other abilities, elfin facies
Chromosome 7
assoc with supravalvular aortic stenosis
DiGeorge Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Maldevelopment of 3 and 4 pharyngeal pouches, fascial dysmorphia, cardiac shunt (trunks arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot), lack of T-cells, undeveloped paracortex
Corneal arcus - CORRECT ANSWERS Lipid deposits in the cornea. Common in the elderly, but appears earlier in life with hypercholesterolemia
