Biology BMAT Study Guide with Questions and Answers

Animal cell Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondrion Plant cell Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondrion, cell wall, choroplast, vacuole Bacterial cell Cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, chromosomal DNA (no true nucleus) Levels of organisation Cells to tissues to organs Diffusion Movement of molecules or ions from high to low concentration by relatively slow random movement of molecules. Lungs: carbon dioxide from blood plasma. Osmosis Net movement of water molecules, low to high concentration of solute through a partially permeable membrane. Water in roots. Active transport Against a concentration gradient (low to high), specific carrier proteins needed, ATP for energy. Mitosis Cell division, produces two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes, genetically identical. Role of mitosis Growth, repair, replacement Meiosis Cell division, produces four daughter cells known as gametes, single set of chromosomes, haploid, different combinations of parent cells' DNA. Role of meiosis Reducing chromosome number so full chromosome complement is restored at fertilisation. Asexual reproduction One parent, offspring genetically identical, produces clones. Sexual reproduction Two parents, offspring are genetically different, leading to increased variation