Chapter 11: Principles of Pharmacology 100% C0RRECT SOLUTIONS

1. Define the terms pharmacodynamics, therapeutic effects, indications, side effects, unintended effects, and untoward effects. (pp 455-456) Pharmacology is the science of drugs, including their ingredients, preparation, uses, and actions on the body. therapeutic effect The desired or intended effect a medication is expected to have on the body Indications are the reasons or conditions for which a particular medication is given. Side effects are any actions of a medication other than the desired ones. Two types: Unintended effects are the effects that are undesirable but pose little risk to the patient, such as a slight headache after taking nitroglycerin. Untoward effects are the effects that can be harmful to the patient, such as hypotension after taking nitroglycerin. 2. Explain medication contraindications; include an example. (p 456) A medication is contraindicated when it would harm the patient or have no positive effect on the patient’s condition. “Absolute” contraindications mean the medication should never be given if the contraindication is present. “Relative” contraindications mean the benefits of administering the drug may outweigh the risks. 3. Explain the differences between a generic medication name and a trade medication name; provide an example of each. (p 456) The generic name is a simple, clear, nonproprietary name.The generic name is not capitalized. ex: ibuprofin The trade name is the brand name that a manufacturer gives to a medication. ex: Advil, Motrin 4. Differentiate enteral and parenteral routes of medication administration. (p 456) Enteral medications enter the body through the digestive system. Parenteral medications enter the body by a route other than the digestive tract, the skin, or the mucous membranes. 5. Describe rectal, oral, intravenous, intraosseous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, inhalation, sublingual, and transcutaneous routes of medication administration; include the rates of absorption. (pp 457-458) Per rectum (PR) -most commonly used for children -used for meds that would cause nausea or vomiting -used if patient cannot swallow or is unconscious Oral means by mouth. Many medications are taken by mouth, or per os (PO), and enter the bloodstream through the digestive system.-noninvasice -unpredictable and slow Intravenous (IV) injection is an injection directly into a vein. -fastest method -however some drugs cant be administered into an IV (ex. Oxygen) Intraosseous (IO) injection is an injection into the bone. Medications that are given by this route reach the bloodstream through the bone marrow. A subcutaneous (SC) injection is given into the fatty tissue between the skin and the muscle. Because there is less blood here than in the muscles, medications that are given by this route are generally absorbed more slowly, and their effects last longer CONTINUED......