SOCS 185 TEST BANK MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+

1. KARL MARX what are the types of value? .use value .exchange value .surplus value 2. what is use value? subjective, qualitative measure of some human want or need (what a commodity is "used for") 3. what is exchange value? objective, quantitative measure of value of a commodity (and what it is "exchanged for"), based upon quantity of labor required to produce it 4. what is surplus value? value extracted by capital during production process by not paying the workers the full value of their labor in terms of how much value the added to the product through their work; using this "surplus labor time" as the eventual source of profit.... IMAGINE a worker is paid, 10 dollars an hour to work a machine that gives the capitalist 40 dollars of work...-20 for costs so capitalist= 10 dollars of SURPLUS VALUE... think added value 5. what is Socially Necessary Labor Time? the quantitative measure of exchange value, deter mined by the average amount of labor it takes to produce a certain commodity in a particular society 6. what are the two types of labor? Concrete Useful Labor and Abstract Labor 7. what is concrete useful labor? specific or skilled labor, associated with production of use values 8. what is abstract labor? general unskilled labor, associated with production of exchange values or value 9. what is the exploitation of labor under capitalism? Use of wage labor to produce commodities by paying workers a wage rather than the full value added by the workers to the product during the labor process 10. what is human labor vs. bee labor? Human labor involves creativity and imagination, even if result is poor Bee labor involves instinctual repetition, often with beautiful results 11. what are the 4 social classes? .Bourgeoisie - owners of large capitalist enterprises .Proletariat - modern working class, mainly in factories .Peasantry -- rural laboring class, in situation of serfdom under European feudalism .Aristocracy (Lords) -- large landowners, more dominant under precapitalist societies like feudalism 12. what is historical materialism? a way of viewing society that emphasizes material production, how we gain our economic sustenance as key to rest of our social arrangements 13. what is idealism? the belief that ideas are the driving force of change in human societies 14. what is dialectic? contradiction, clash, or "dialogue" between two polar opposites. Can be between ideas and society, "ought" vs. "is," ideal vs. actual, material vs. ideal, internal (mental) vs. external (physical), etc. Often the result of such a clash is another clash. 15. what is subjective marxism vs objective marxism? Subjective Marxism: emphasizes human agency and human ability to intentionally alter the course of history Objective Marxism: emphasizes the ways in which capital has a "life of its own" and comes to dominate people (think The Matrix) 16. what is commodity fetishism? Commodity Fetishism is a form of interaction under industrial capitalism in which the following take place: human relations as relations between inanimate things, robbed of their subjectivity relations between products of labor (commodities) assume a human form, with agency and subjectivity products of labor hidden underneath a fetish that hides how things were produced mystification of social relations to hide the underlying inequality and exploitation 17. what is communism? Marx's terms for the new society of the future, based upon common ownership of means of production and humans retaking control over machines and capital 18. what is capital? surplus value reinvested back into the production process 19. what is teleology? belief that human society inevitably progresses in a positive way over time 20. what is devine right? the ideology that legitimized oppression of peasants and superiority of aristocracy in feudalism 21. what is monopolization? the increasing centralization of wealth in the hands of just a few capitalists, which inevitably leads to the proletariat taking control of the means of production 22. is is "freedom in the double sense"? in capitalism you are free to quit your job, but you are also free to starve 23. what are the means of production? land, tools, workshops, farms, or other things used alongside human labor for production of goods or other human needs 24. what are the means of subsistence? tools and raw materials that people need access to in order to survive (closely related to means of production) 25. what is division of labor? specializations of tasks that also form social hierarchies 26. what are the modes of production? Mode of production refers to the varied ways that human beings collectively produce the means of subsistence in order to survive and enhance social being. 27. what are feudal so cieties? societies of the European Middle Ages, with peasant labor controlled by serfdom (condition a peasant is under...under a lord) 28. what are capitalist or bourgeois societies? modern society based on manufacturing with capitalists controlling means of production and proletariat or workers reduced to exploitative wage labor 29. what are communism societies?