Exam 2 is the final exam for this course and will assess the substance of the entire
course, but will focus on Part III (empirical themes; lectures 13-20). This exam will
consist of multiple-choice questions (about one-third of the exam) and a larger
open-ended component with essay questions (about two-thirds of the exam). You are
expected, here, to work with the material from the block 5 part of the course,
incorporating insights and ideas from block 4
16th May
Lecture 12 + notes (Stathis and Kaldor)
Lecture 13 + notes
Questions
17th May
Lecture 14 + notes (deaton and Milanovic)
Lecture 15 + notes
Questions
18th May
Lecture 16 + notes (cedric and austere)
Lecture 17 + notes (austerre and irwin)
Questions
19th May
Lecture 18 + notes
Part 1 and 2 lectures + notes
Questions
Vocabulary list
22nd and 23rd = review
Lecture 12
(04-Apr) Lecture 12 - Multi-level Politics of War
Reading:
1. Kaldor, M. (2013). New and old wars: Organised violence in a global era Download New
and old wars: Organised violence in a global era. John Wiley & Sons. Chapters 1 and 2.
2. Kalyvas, S. N. (2003).The ontology of “political violence”: action and identity in civil wars
Links to an external site.. Perspectives on politics, 1(3), 475-494.
1. Kaldor, New & Old Wars
Questions
a. What is the central argument?
b. When was low intensity conflict coined? And what was it used for?
, c. What term did frank Hoffman popularized?
d. Advent of what led to future implication of warfare
e. How does he describe globalization?
f. How does identity politics lead to warfare?
g. Two aspects of new wave of identity politics which specifically relate to the
proess of globalization?
h. Unlike che guevara and Tse-tung’s cim to capture hearts and mind, what does
new warfare consist of. (tip: extremists)
i. What are new wars’s economic structure?
j. Thre things that drive Clausewitz’s on war theory? (Total War)
Answers
a. Wars due to the advent of technology nd globalization have changed, he claims it to be
new warfare.
b. During the cold war, low intensity conlfict was coined in America, used for terrorism and
guerrilla warfare.
c. Hybrid warfare for military use
d. Tehchnology
e. Tntensification of global interconnectedness – political, economic, military, and cultural –
and the changing character of political authority. Involved both fragmentation and
integration
f. Unlike the politics of ideas which is open and inclusive, identity politics is inherently
exclusive and therefor tends towards fragmentation.
g. Two aspects
I. identity politics is both local and global, natioanl as well as transnational
Ii. Changed mdoe of warfare
h. Fear and hatred, it is inherently extremist in nature. New warfare need extremism to
mobilize support.
i. Before countries would industralize to support the military, thus make money. However
now domestically production stops as trade declines. They make money from the
weaponry industry, military industrial complex, thus countries become dependent on this
form of economy, and they ended violence to continue to make money.
j. War theory
I. Emotion
Ii. Rational
Iii. Opportunity
2. The Ontology of “Political Violence”: Action and Identity in Civil Wars Published online by
Cambridge University Press: 28 August 2003 Stathis N. Kalyvas
Questions
a. Whats the main argument?
b. Contrast the Hobbesian frame with Schmittian frame
c. Whats the new joint production?
, d. Why are clevages important to study?
e. How does authoritzarinims leads to privitation of politics?
Answers
a. There is ambiguity due to lack of good quality information that is out there about civil
wars, where idenitiy and motives are ambiguous and subject to manipulation
b. Hobbensian views: civil wars as anarchy and a breakdown of authority, leading to
privited violence and random motivation (war of all against all) greed
Smittian frame: civil wars based on collective, abstract group loyalties and enmities,
where private adversarties emergy from pre-existing political enemies. Grievence
c. Recognizes the joint production of actors by central and peripheral actors, blending
political and private violence.
d. They highlight outbreak, new generational cleaveges cause by violence and war, but
also already pre existing cleaves affect war allegiances
e. Authoritzarinims leads to privatization of politics by politicize every aspect of life. where
the state seeks to control every aspect of life and politicize even the most personal
matters, the outcome is paradoxical: politics becomes increasingly privatized. This
means that personal vendettas, grievances, and conflicts take on political significance
and are often framed within the ideological narrative of the regime. Consequently, what
might have been seen as purely personal disputes in other contexts become entangled
with political ideology and state power, potentially leading to violenc
Ie: a neigbor telling on their neighbor to the government because they don’t support the
regime, when in reality it could have beena personal vendetta.
Lecture Notes
Multi-Level Politics of War
1. Patterns of War: Are war’s incidence and deadliness rising or falling?
2. Explaining patterns of war (in light of perennial debates)
3. Multi-Level Global politics of war
4. The complexity, contingency and chaos of ‘New Wars’
1. Patterns of War
- “A human death or causalty is trajedy, but a million people’s death is a statistics” - Stalin.
- Don’t let the statistics blind you
- It’s more rising than falling
- Since the end of napolenic war, waterloo, it has been rising.
- In the last sixty years, two different categorization of civil wars are very prominent
Vocabulary
- Interstate war
- Extrastate war: Extra-state wars involve war between a territorial state and a
nonsovereign entity outside the borders of the state.
- Non-State
, Civil wars
- Non internationalized intrastate : pure civil war, no interntaional actors
- Internationalized intrastate: civil armed conflict between a state and one or more
non-state group in a state;s territory with military involvement by one or more extra-state
territory actor.
- Threats of force
- Display of force
- Uses of force
- Wars
- All the above has increased, especially display of wars.
- Militarized international dispute (MID): threats, disploy of force, where deadliness of
“use” falls short of wars definition.
- Instrastate has increased significantly
- If you look at incidence, it is increased for non-state conflicts (rebel groups and terrorists)
- The data also doesn’t take account of the fact that medicine has decreased people being
killed. Doesn’t mean that violence is not occuring.
- Wars are stochastic, as they are rare.
- Internationalized civil wars have risen
- More people are dying in Ethiopia than Ukraine, and more die in Mexico than Syria,
Afghanistan, iraq and Etria.
- There are other ways wars kill too thats not mentioned, like spread of diseases, or long
term impacts in population’s health.
Final patterns of civil wars
a. Proportional decline: Decline, particulalry among Great Powers and Particularly since
WW2, in war and conflict as proportions of states ad war deaths as proportion of
population.
b. Absolute Non-Decline: But no statistically significant secular decline in absolute
incidence or deaths. (let alone potential deadliness of war)
c. Rise of ciivil wars and internationalized civil wars: significant increase in civil wars
relative to inter-state wars, recent big rise in interntionalized civil-wars (with major
involvement of external actors.
d. Some regions and countries hava much more conflict and war- suffering than others. Ie:
america versus Africa, Syria versus Tanzania and Ghana versus Congo.
e. War’s Victims go way beyond battlefield deaths and vary hugely across time and space.
2. Explaining Patterns of Wars, in light of perennial debates.
I. material bases of power balancing and security dilemmas
→ material conditions shaping clarity and stability of power distribution and commitments,
→ military technology favouring offenses or defenses, drones versus tanks.
→ nuclear weapons
course, but will focus on Part III (empirical themes; lectures 13-20). This exam will
consist of multiple-choice questions (about one-third of the exam) and a larger
open-ended component with essay questions (about two-thirds of the exam). You are
expected, here, to work with the material from the block 5 part of the course,
incorporating insights and ideas from block 4
16th May
Lecture 12 + notes (Stathis and Kaldor)
Lecture 13 + notes
Questions
17th May
Lecture 14 + notes (deaton and Milanovic)
Lecture 15 + notes
Questions
18th May
Lecture 16 + notes (cedric and austere)
Lecture 17 + notes (austerre and irwin)
Questions
19th May
Lecture 18 + notes
Part 1 and 2 lectures + notes
Questions
Vocabulary list
22nd and 23rd = review
Lecture 12
(04-Apr) Lecture 12 - Multi-level Politics of War
Reading:
1. Kaldor, M. (2013). New and old wars: Organised violence in a global era Download New
and old wars: Organised violence in a global era. John Wiley & Sons. Chapters 1 and 2.
2. Kalyvas, S. N. (2003).The ontology of “political violence”: action and identity in civil wars
Links to an external site.. Perspectives on politics, 1(3), 475-494.
1. Kaldor, New & Old Wars
Questions
a. What is the central argument?
b. When was low intensity conflict coined? And what was it used for?
, c. What term did frank Hoffman popularized?
d. Advent of what led to future implication of warfare
e. How does he describe globalization?
f. How does identity politics lead to warfare?
g. Two aspects of new wave of identity politics which specifically relate to the
proess of globalization?
h. Unlike che guevara and Tse-tung’s cim to capture hearts and mind, what does
new warfare consist of. (tip: extremists)
i. What are new wars’s economic structure?
j. Thre things that drive Clausewitz’s on war theory? (Total War)
Answers
a. Wars due to the advent of technology nd globalization have changed, he claims it to be
new warfare.
b. During the cold war, low intensity conlfict was coined in America, used for terrorism and
guerrilla warfare.
c. Hybrid warfare for military use
d. Tehchnology
e. Tntensification of global interconnectedness – political, economic, military, and cultural –
and the changing character of political authority. Involved both fragmentation and
integration
f. Unlike the politics of ideas which is open and inclusive, identity politics is inherently
exclusive and therefor tends towards fragmentation.
g. Two aspects
I. identity politics is both local and global, natioanl as well as transnational
Ii. Changed mdoe of warfare
h. Fear and hatred, it is inherently extremist in nature. New warfare need extremism to
mobilize support.
i. Before countries would industralize to support the military, thus make money. However
now domestically production stops as trade declines. They make money from the
weaponry industry, military industrial complex, thus countries become dependent on this
form of economy, and they ended violence to continue to make money.
j. War theory
I. Emotion
Ii. Rational
Iii. Opportunity
2. The Ontology of “Political Violence”: Action and Identity in Civil Wars Published online by
Cambridge University Press: 28 August 2003 Stathis N. Kalyvas
Questions
a. Whats the main argument?
b. Contrast the Hobbesian frame with Schmittian frame
c. Whats the new joint production?
, d. Why are clevages important to study?
e. How does authoritzarinims leads to privitation of politics?
Answers
a. There is ambiguity due to lack of good quality information that is out there about civil
wars, where idenitiy and motives are ambiguous and subject to manipulation
b. Hobbensian views: civil wars as anarchy and a breakdown of authority, leading to
privited violence and random motivation (war of all against all) greed
Smittian frame: civil wars based on collective, abstract group loyalties and enmities,
where private adversarties emergy from pre-existing political enemies. Grievence
c. Recognizes the joint production of actors by central and peripheral actors, blending
political and private violence.
d. They highlight outbreak, new generational cleaveges cause by violence and war, but
also already pre existing cleaves affect war allegiances
e. Authoritzarinims leads to privatization of politics by politicize every aspect of life. where
the state seeks to control every aspect of life and politicize even the most personal
matters, the outcome is paradoxical: politics becomes increasingly privatized. This
means that personal vendettas, grievances, and conflicts take on political significance
and are often framed within the ideological narrative of the regime. Consequently, what
might have been seen as purely personal disputes in other contexts become entangled
with political ideology and state power, potentially leading to violenc
Ie: a neigbor telling on their neighbor to the government because they don’t support the
regime, when in reality it could have beena personal vendetta.
Lecture Notes
Multi-Level Politics of War
1. Patterns of War: Are war’s incidence and deadliness rising or falling?
2. Explaining patterns of war (in light of perennial debates)
3. Multi-Level Global politics of war
4. The complexity, contingency and chaos of ‘New Wars’
1. Patterns of War
- “A human death or causalty is trajedy, but a million people’s death is a statistics” - Stalin.
- Don’t let the statistics blind you
- It’s more rising than falling
- Since the end of napolenic war, waterloo, it has been rising.
- In the last sixty years, two different categorization of civil wars are very prominent
Vocabulary
- Interstate war
- Extrastate war: Extra-state wars involve war between a territorial state and a
nonsovereign entity outside the borders of the state.
- Non-State
, Civil wars
- Non internationalized intrastate : pure civil war, no interntaional actors
- Internationalized intrastate: civil armed conflict between a state and one or more
non-state group in a state;s territory with military involvement by one or more extra-state
territory actor.
- Threats of force
- Display of force
- Uses of force
- Wars
- All the above has increased, especially display of wars.
- Militarized international dispute (MID): threats, disploy of force, where deadliness of
“use” falls short of wars definition.
- Instrastate has increased significantly
- If you look at incidence, it is increased for non-state conflicts (rebel groups and terrorists)
- The data also doesn’t take account of the fact that medicine has decreased people being
killed. Doesn’t mean that violence is not occuring.
- Wars are stochastic, as they are rare.
- Internationalized civil wars have risen
- More people are dying in Ethiopia than Ukraine, and more die in Mexico than Syria,
Afghanistan, iraq and Etria.
- There are other ways wars kill too thats not mentioned, like spread of diseases, or long
term impacts in population’s health.
Final patterns of civil wars
a. Proportional decline: Decline, particulalry among Great Powers and Particularly since
WW2, in war and conflict as proportions of states ad war deaths as proportion of
population.
b. Absolute Non-Decline: But no statistically significant secular decline in absolute
incidence or deaths. (let alone potential deadliness of war)
c. Rise of ciivil wars and internationalized civil wars: significant increase in civil wars
relative to inter-state wars, recent big rise in interntionalized civil-wars (with major
involvement of external actors.
d. Some regions and countries hava much more conflict and war- suffering than others. Ie:
america versus Africa, Syria versus Tanzania and Ghana versus Congo.
e. War’s Victims go way beyond battlefield deaths and vary hugely across time and space.
2. Explaining Patterns of Wars, in light of perennial debates.
I. material bases of power balancing and security dilemmas
→ material conditions shaping clarity and stability of power distribution and commitments,
→ military technology favouring offenses or defenses, drones versus tanks.
→ nuclear weapons
