HSC 404 Final Exam with Answers Graded A+

HSC 404 Final Exam with Answers Graded A+ The population etiologic fraction is a measure of the proportion of the disease rate in a population attributable to the exposure of interest. This measure of effect is influenced by: - ️️ - -the relative risk of the disease in exposed individuals versus unexposed individuals AND -the prevalence of the exposure in the population If it is accepted than an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventative program might have, can be derived from: - ️️ - attributable risk When assessing a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and oral cancer using a case-control study, increasing the sample size of the study will result in: -a lower p value -a greater odds ratio -a smaller 95% confidence interval -a higher disease prevalence - ️️ - -none of the above An attributable-risk percent of 80% was calculated for the association between smoking and lung cancer death. The best interpretation of this statistic would be: - ️️ - Of those dying of lung cancer who smoke, 80% of those deaths are attributed to their smoking, assuming a causal association exists. Several studies have found that approximately 85% of cases of lung cancer are due to cigarette smoking. This is an example of: - ️️ - attributable risk Selection bias is most likely to occur in: - ️️ - both retrospective cohort studies and case control studies Recall bias is most likely to occur in: - ️️ - case control studies In a study to determine the incidence of chronic disease, 150 people were examined at the end of a three-year period. Twelve cases were found, giving a cumulative risk of 8%. Fifty other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. Which source of bias may have affected the study? - ️️ - selection bias: survival bias You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease and suggest that physical activity protects against having a heart attack. While presenting these data to your colleagues, someone asks if you could have thought about confounders such as factor X. This factor X could h