1. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
2. Which of the following is most associated with
aortic dissection?
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Anemia
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: B
Rationale: Marfan syndrome weakens connective
tissue, predisposing to aortic dissection.
,3. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
,Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
5. Which lab finding is most consistent with DIC
(Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?
A. Elevated platelets
B. Normal INR
C. Elevated D-dimer
D. Increased fibrinogen
Answer: C
Rationale: DIC involves widespread clotting and
fibrinolysis, which leads to elevated D-dimer levels.
6. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
A. Low calcium
B. High phosphate
C. Low PTH
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: D
, Rationale: PTH increases calcium levels by
stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
7. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
C. Change in bowel habits or occult bleeding
D. Weight gain
Answer: C
Rationale: Colorectal cancer often presents
insidiously with altered bowel habits or blood in
stool.
8. Which organ is primarily affected in hepatitis?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Gallbladder
D. Kidney
Answer: B
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
2. Which of the following is most associated with
aortic dissection?
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Anemia
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: B
Rationale: Marfan syndrome weakens connective
tissue, predisposing to aortic dissection.
,3. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
,Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
5. Which lab finding is most consistent with DIC
(Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?
A. Elevated platelets
B. Normal INR
C. Elevated D-dimer
D. Increased fibrinogen
Answer: C
Rationale: DIC involves widespread clotting and
fibrinolysis, which leads to elevated D-dimer levels.
6. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
A. Low calcium
B. High phosphate
C. Low PTH
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: D
, Rationale: PTH increases calcium levels by
stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
7. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
C. Change in bowel habits or occult bleeding
D. Weight gain
Answer: C
Rationale: Colorectal cancer often presents
insidiously with altered bowel habits or blood in
stool.
8. Which organ is primarily affected in hepatitis?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Gallbladder
D. Kidney
Answer: B
