WGU D236 Patho Study Guide with verified latest solutions 2024/2025

WGU D236 Patho Study Guide with verified latest solutions 2024/2025 Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - ANSWERS Oncotic Oncotic - ANSWERS a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure - ANSWERS albumin _____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - ANSWERS Albumin One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity - ANSWERS Possible answer: naive T cells Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - ANSWERS Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells. Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective. Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWERS osmoreceptors Fluid deficit causes - ANSWERS -Excessive loss -Inadequate intake -Or combination of both Fluid deficit risk factors - ANSWERS -Vomiting/diarrhea -Excessive sweating -Insufficient water intake Fluid deficit manifestations - ANSWERS -dry mucous membranes -decreased skin turgor -decreased urine output -low blood pressure -tachycardia -confusion ROME for ABGs - ANSWERS Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a blood pH of _______ - ANSWERS 7.35-7.45 A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have? Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis - ANSWERS Metabolic alkalosis The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2 To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer systems: - ANSWERS proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of defense is _____ - ANSWERS respirations; kidneys Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - ANSWERS The equation moves in both directions CABS Equation: When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+ and HCO3- ions - ANSWERS toward the right CABS Equation: When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWERS toward the left CO2 levels - ANSWERS 35-45 HCO3 levels - ANSWERS 22-26 Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers. His CO2 level is increased be