PSYCH-115 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

PSYCH-115 Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass What is intelligence? The ability to solve problems, understand complex ideas, adapt to environmental changes, use knowledge, and learn quickly. Who is Galton and what did he do? Galton was the first to determine that intelligence is quantifiable, it can be measured using objective tests, and has a normal distribution. What is an anthropomorphic test? What are its flaws? It is a measurement of physical characteristics such as speed of arm movement, strength of grip, and reaction time to sound-- all of which were thought to be measures of intelligence. What is the Binet-Simon Test? A test that was developed to identify children who needed special attention in educational settings (how far behind or ahead a child's mental development was in comparison to other children their age). This introduces the idea of Mental Age (MA) into the realm of psychology, as the score of the test is expressed in MA. What is Mental Age? The child's level of intellectual capacity and development-- not reflective of actual age! Who is Leta Stetter Hollingworth? A psychologist who determined there are no gender differences between men and women with regard to IQ. More specifically, her findings were that women's intelligence is normally distributed, just like that of men. She concluded this by demonstrating that there were an equal number of low-IQ women as there were men. Who are the Kallikaks? A case study into Hereditarian Eugenics. They were part of a deeply flawed theory that intelligence is hereditary and that breeding should be banned amongst those deemed "feebleminded." What is the Army Alpha test? A measure of verbal and mental abilities that could be administered in a group format. This test is similar to the Stanford-Binet Test. What is the Army Beta test? Similar to the alpha test but free from literacy. Instructions are given through hand signals. Why are the Army Alpha and Beta tests important? 1- It proved that psychology could be applied to solve real problems. 2-The test could be administered to large groups. Alternative factors of IQ Testing Cultural Bias, Socio-economic bias, Racial bias What were the problems with the Army Alpha and Beta tests? 1- It measured acquired intelligence, not innate knowledge. 2- It was biased in favor of the white middle class. 3- Technical difficulties. 4-Average mental age of 13 reaffirmed xenophobic and eugenic movements. What are emotions? Subjective feelings associated with physiological states are necessary to have normal human experiences. All emotions share some characteristics: 1. Physiological Response. 2. Stereotyped somatic motor response (ex- movement of facial muscles). James-Lange Theory of Emotion Emotions are a response to a physiological change in the body. (Application-- you are sad because you are crying) Assumptions of James-Lange Theory 1. In the absence of physiological response, there is no emotion. 2. There is a set number of physiological responses. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions The physiological response and the emotion occur simultaneously and independently. (Application--a bear is approaching, and I am sweating, trembling, and my heart is pounding...I must be nervous). Findings Cannon-Bard Theory 1. There is no relation between a particular emotion and the body's physiological state. 2. Many emotions produce a similar physiological response. (Example-- fear and anger). 3. People and animals with spinal cord damage still show emotions-- you don't need to have sensations to have emotions. Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory Because the physiological response is not specific to each emotion (undifferentiated physiological arousal), we interpret the emotion differently based on the situation. The two factors are cognitive and physiological. (Application-- a bear is approaching and my heart is pounding, I'm sweating, and I'm running away. My cognitive label for the bear is that it is scary. The emotion I am feeling is fear). What is an appraisal? Checking the situation around us by looking for environmental cues. Questions include: Is the stimuli a threat? How do I handle the threat? Fight, flight, or freeze? If we get secondary information, we do a secondary appraisal. Who is Patient SM? A patient with Urbach-Wiethe disease, or the calcification and atrophy of the anterior medial temporal lobes. She had no motor or sensory impairment or deficits in language, memory, or intelligence. Ultimately, she has problems recognizing anger and cannot recognize fear. What is Sensation? The stimulation of our sense organs and the relay of that information to the brain (transduction). What is Perception? The brain's interpretation of the stimuli in a way that is meaningful. How much stimuli is necessary to be detected? Absolute Threshold. This is the minimum amount of energy/stimulus (light, sound, etc.) necessary to produce a sensory experience in 50% of cases. "Just a noticeable difference." Is Absolute Threshold universal? No. What is Sound? Audible variations in air pressure. If you can move air particles, you can make a sound. Pressure waves generated by the vibration of molecules in the air. What are the characteristics of Sound Waves? 1. Amplitude or Intensity-- Loudness (dB) 2. Frequency-- Pitch (Hz) 3. Timbre-- Perceptual quality of a sound. Parts of the Outer Ear Pinna and Auditory Canal Parts of the Middle Ear Ossicles (malleus-- HAMMER, incus--ANVIL, stapes--STIRRUP), Tensor Tympani, Stapedius. Part of Inner Ear Cochlea What is Auditory Transduction? Auditory stimuli are converted or transducted into neural signals. Conduction Deafness Problems in the outer and middle ear where the auditory stimulus doesn't reach the cochlea. Sensorineural Deafness Auditory nerve fibers are unable to become excited. This is often caused by listening to music too loud which causes cilia breakage or by antibiotics like strepmycin. Central Deafness Deafness caused by brain lesions, with complex results. What is Vision?