Chamberlain BIOS 251 Exam 1 Questions With Correct Solutions.

What 4 ways do you examine the body? Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation and Percussion Inspection Seeing the body Palpation to examine by touch Auscultation Listening with a stethoscope Percussion taking hands and beating over certain parts of body Medical Imaging methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, i.e. radiology Gross Anatomy Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye Histology the study of the microscopic structure of tissues Histopathology microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease Cytology study of structure and function of cells Ultrastructure fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope Subdisciplines of Physiology neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology Neurophysiology physiology of the nervous system Endocrinology study of hormones Pathophysiology mechanisms of disease Hippocrates Father of medicine Scientific Fact information that can be independently verified Law of Nature a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave Theory explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses Bipedalism the ability to walk upright on two legs The Hierarchy of Complexity Organ system-organs-tissues-cells-organelles-molecules-atoms situs invertus heart is on the opposite side Organization living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things Cellular Composition living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells Metabolism internal chemical reactions; the sum of all biochemical events that occur in the body Responsiveness ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability) Movement of organism and/or of substances within the organism Characteristics of life organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution Homeostasis the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and thereby maintain stable internal conditions Physiological Variation Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and environment Feedback Loops biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained Homeostasis in Body Temperature -If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism) -If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism) Negative Feedback a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus Receptor structure that senses change in the body Integrating (control) Center control center that processes the sensory information, "makes a decision," and directs the response Effector cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis Positive Feedback Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated. Normal way of producing rapid changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth Gradient a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points. Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. Charged particles flow down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal gradients. CT Scan computed tomography scan MRI magnetic resonance imaging PET scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task Sonography high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs The relationship between function and structure Form creates function, function predicts form The primary function of red blood cells To transport vital gases to and from the body tissues. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body. How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? As they mature they lose their nucleus and organelles, which allows room for more hemoglobin molecules which are oxygen binding proteins. What do red blood cells display? Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go back to their original shape if they become deformed due to stress. This allows them to be able to flow through narrow blood vessels. Superior Structure that is toward the head of the body How many body cavities are in the body? 4 Ventral/Dorsal front and back anterior/posterior Toward the ventral side Toward the dorsal side Cephallic toward the head or superior end Rostral toward the forehead or nose Caudal toward the tail or inferior end Inferior below Medial/Lateral toward the midline/away from the midline Proximal/Distal closer to point of attachment/farther from point of attachment ipsilateral/contralateral on the same side of the body/opposite side of body Superficial/Deep closer to body surface/farther from body surface Axial Represents core of body, includes all structures except upper and lower appendages Appendicular upper and lower limbs Axial Region Cephalic, Cervical (neck), Thoracic (chest), Abdominal (belly), Pelvic (hip), Pubic (groin) Appendicular Region Axillary (underarm), Brachial (upper arm), Antecubital (front of elbow), Antebrachial (forearm), Carpal (wrist), Palmar (palm), Pollex (thumb), Digital/Phalangeal (fingers), Femoral (thigh), Patellar (anterior surface of the knee), Crural (leg), Pedal (foot) Body Cavities spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into how many quadrants? 4 4 Main Body Cavities Crainial (brain), Vertebral (spinal cord), Thoracic (lungs), Abdominopelvic (all abdominal and pelvic organs) What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? diaphragm throacic cavity Has 2 pleural cavities each of which surrounds a lung, each lung sits beside mediastinum. Contains: Heart, portions of trachea, esophagus. Also contains the pericardial cavity, which house