Porth's Pathophysiology Chapter 7 - Stress and Adaptation Exam Questions and Complete Solutions

Porth's Pathophysiology Chapter 7 - Stress and Adaptation Exam Questions and Complete Solutions control systems - Ans: ability of the body to function and maintain homeostasis under conditions of change in the internal and external environments depends on thousands of these physiologic systems that regulate body function negative feedback - Ans: most control systems operate by these mechanisms stress - Ans: Selye described as a state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it disease - Ans: stress may contribute directly to the production or exacerbation of this HPA axis, adrenomedullary hormonal system, and sympathetic nervous system - Ans: These may be deferentially activated depending on the type and intensity of the stressor human adaptation - Ans: have highly developed nervous system and intellect which allows for alternative mechanisms for adapting and have the ability to control many aspects of their environment coping strategies - Ans: means to attain balance sleep - Ans: considered a restorative function in which energy is restored and tissues are regenerated alcohol - Ans: commonly used in excess and can suppress the immune system locus ceruleus - Ans: densely populated with neurons in the brain that produce norepinephrine and is thought to be the central integrating site for the ANA response to stressful stimuli multicellular organism - Ans: necessary for the composition of the internal environment to be compatible with the survival needs of the individual cells eustress - Ans: Selye suggested that stress could have positive influences on the body and these periods of positive stress are called this hardiness - Ans: personality characteristic that includes a sense of having control over the environment coping mechanisms - Ans: factors used to create a new balance between a stressor and the ability to deal with it allostasis - Ans: physiologic changes in the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems in response to real or perceived challenges to homeostasis conditioning factors - Ans: stressor that produces a response angiotensin II - Ans: enhances stress-induced release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary physiologic reserve - Ans: the ability of body systems to increase their function given the need to adapt baroreflex - Ans: regulation of heart rate and vasomotor tone cortisol - Ans: suppresses osteoblast activity, hematopoiesis, and protein synthesis ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - Ans: stimulates the adrenal gland to synthesize and secrete the glucocorticoid hormones ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - Ans: released due to hypotensive stress or stress due to fluid volume loss endocrine immune interactions - Ans: increased corticosteroid production and atrophy of the thymus Corticotropin-releasing factor - Ans: endocrine regulator of pituitary and adrenal activity and neurotransmitter involved in ANS activity, metabolism, and behavior allostatic load - Ans: physiologic changes in the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems occurring in response to real or perceived challenges to homeostasis fight or flight - Ans: most rapid of the stress responses, representing the basic survival response regulation of homeostasis - Ans: Negative feedback mechanisms are the primary mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis. (ex. blood glucose levels—an increase in blood glucose stimulates an increase in insulin—which enhances the removal of glucose from the blood. When glucose has been taken up by cells and blood glucose levels fall, insulin secretion is inhibited, and glucagon and other counter-regulatory mechanisms stimulate the release of glucose from the liver, which causes the blood glucose to return to normal) three stages of general adaptation syndrome - Ans: 1. alarm stage - characterized by a generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, resulting in the release of catecholamines and cortisol. 2. resistance stage - the body selects the most effective and economic channels of defense; increased cortisol levels present during the first stage drop, because they are no longer needed 3. exhaustion stage - if the stressor is prolonged or overwhelms the ability of the body to defend itself, resources are depleted and signs of "wear and tear" or systemic damage appear effects of neuroendocrine activation in response to stress - Ans: 1. mobilization of energy 2. sharpened focus and awareness 3. increased cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization 4. enhanced cardiovascular and respiratory functioning 5. redistribution of blood flow to the brain and muscles 6. modulation of the immune response 7. inhibition of reproductive function 8. decrease in appetite. physiologic reserve - Ans: many organs are functioning at much less than maximum capacity, giving the organ a safety margin for adaptation that which for most body systems is considerably greater than that needed for normal activities (ex RBC carry more oxygen than the tissues can use; the liver and fat cells store excess nutrients; and bone tissue stores calcium in excess of that needed for normal neuromuscular function) anatomic reserve - Ans: many of the body organs, such as the lungs, kidneys, and adrenals, are paired; both organs are not needed to ensure the continued existence and maintenance of the internal environment PTSD causes - Ans: Physiologic symptoms arise from exaggerated SNS activation in response to the traumatic event; increased levels of norepinephrine and increased activity of α2-adrenergic receptors; increases in catecholamines, in tandem with increased thyroid levels, are believed to explain some of the intrusive and somatic symptoms of the disorder; CNS reactivity of the amygdala and hippocampus and decreased reactivity of the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal areas also contribute