MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS GRADED TO PASS!!

MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS GRADED TO PASS!! Benign cells Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time Benign Cell Features o Harmless o Do not usually require intervention o Slow growing o Tight Adherence o Specific morphology o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio o Specific differentiated functions o Tight adherence o Orderly growth o No migration o Normal chromosomes Benign cell looks similar to a healthy cell Examples of Benign cells o Skin Tag o Mole o Nasal Polyp o Uterine Fibroids o Endometriosis Malignant cells indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death Malignant cell features o Large nucleus o Migration o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition) o Loose adherence o Rapid or continuous cell division o Loss of cellular regulation o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23) Seven warning signs of cancer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns o A-A sore that doesn't heal o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing o O-Obvious change in wart or mole o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness Cancer development stages of malignancy o Initiation o Promotion o Progression o Metastasis Initiation (Stage of malignancy) Normal cells are damaged and irreversible Promotion Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells Progression Increase in production of malignant cells Metastasis Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis cancer development Cancer classification o Grading o Ploidy o Staging o TNM o Doubling time and mitotic index Grading Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells o Ex. 1= No mutation o 4= Severe mutation Ploidy Number of chromosomes Staging How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread TNM o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd) o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis) Doubling time and mitotic index Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows) o Stage 1=Localized o Stage 4= Spread across the body Cancer prevention primary o Sunscreen o Avoid smoking o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole) o Chemoprevention o Vaccine (HPV) Cancer prevention secondary o Mammogram o Pap smear o Prostate test Cancer prevention tertiary People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below) o Chemo o Radiation o Surgery, etc. Types of cancers carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma Carcinoma malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues Sarcoma malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues Melanoma pigment producing skin cancer Lymphoma malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue Leukemia white blood cell tumor Blastoma malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue Lab Diagnostic Tests o CBC o Blood protein testing o Tumor marker test o Circulation tumor cell tests Imaging Diagnostic Tests o CT Scans o MRI o X-ray o Ultrasound o Mammogram o Nuclear medicine scans Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests o Bronchoscopy o Colonoscopy o Cystoscopy o Laparoscopy o Laryngoscopy o Mediastinoscopy o Thoracoscopy o Upper Endoscopy Biopsy Diagnostic Tests o Breast biopsy o Bone marrow biopsy o Organ/tissue specific Risk factors o Older age. o A personal or family history of cancer. o Using tobacco. o Obesity. o Alcohol. o Some types of viral infections(HPV) o Specific chemicals. o Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun. o Alcohol Types of therapy surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immune therapy, photodynamic therapy hormonal therapy Surgery cells can escape during surgery sometimes, causing clients to have to deal with an altered appearance