NSC Exam 1 final questions and answers

Leading Cause of Death in United States - ANSWERS 1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer Lifestyle - ANSWERS a person's way of living that includes diet, physical activity habits, use of drugs such as tobacco and alcohol, and other typical patterns of healthrelated behavior 6 classes of nutrients - ANSWERS - carbohydrates - fats and other lipids, - proteins - vitamins - minerals - water Carbohydrates - ANSWERS Source of energy (most forms) Lipids - ANSWERS Source of energy (fats), cellular development, physical growth and development, regulation of body processes, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Proteins - ANSWERS Production of structural and functional components; cellular development, growth, and maintenance; regulation of body processes; immune function; fluid balance; source of energy Vitamins - ANSWERS Regulation of body processes, maintenance of immune function, production and maintenance of tissues, protection against agents that can damage cellular components Minerals - ANSWERS Regulation of body processes, including fluid balance; formation of certain chemical messengers; structural and functional components of various substances and tissues; necessary for physical growth, maintenance, and development Water - ANSWERS Maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, transportation of substances, participant in many chemical reactions How many kilocalories are in a gram of carbohydrates? - ANSWERS 4 kcal How many kilocalories are in a gram of protein? - ANSWERS 4 kcal How many kilocalories are in a gram of fat? - ANSWERS 9 kcal How many kilocalories are in a gram of alcohol? - ANSWERS 7 kcal Macronutrients - ANSWERS Name for carbohydrates, fats and proteins as the body needs a relativity large amount of these nutrients daily. Supply energy for cells Micronutrients - ANSWERS Name for vitamins and minerals as they body needs a very small amount of these to function properly. Do not Supply energy for cells Essential nutrients - ANSWERS Nutrients that must be supplied through food. About 50 of them Examples of some Essential Nutrients - ANSWERS Water Vitamin A Vitamin C B vitamins Vitamin D Glucose Minerals like calcium, sodium, chloride and Zinc Fats that contain linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids Some proteins (amino acids) Chpt 1 mod 1.3 pg 10 Nonnutrients - ANSWERS Substances that are not nutrients but may have some healthful benefits Examples of nonnutrients - ANSWERS Alcohol, phytochemicals phytochemicals - ANSWERS Compounds made in plants that are nonnutrients examples of phytochemicals - ANSWERS - Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene - Quercetin - Anthocyanins - Resveratrol - Isoflavonoids - Sulfur compounds - Caffeine - Saponins - Capsaicin Dietary Supplement - ANSWERS a product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake Why are antioxidants important? - ANSWERS An antioxidant protects cells and their components from being damaged or destroyed by chemically unstable factors Empty calories - ANSWERS Calories from unhealthy types of fatm added sugar and/or alcohol. Not a good source of vitamins and minerals. Foods like candies, pastries, snack chips, sugar-sweetened drinks, and some alcoholic beverages Nutrient-dense - ANSWERS Describes foods or beverages that contain more beneficial nutrients in relation to total calories. Foods like broccoli, leafy greens, fat-free milk, orange juice , lean meats, and whole-grain cereals Energy Density - ANSWERS describes the energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight. Mostly high-fat foods like doughnuts and actual nuts Scientific Method (for nutritional research) - ANSWERS 1. Observe 2. Develop a Question 3. Test 4. Collect Information 5. Analyze the Findings 6. Form Conclusions 7. Share the results 8. Conduct more research Double-Blind Study - ANSWERS Experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant's group assignment. Important as some researchers and subjects may change their answers based on this info Treatment group - ANSWERS Group being studied that receives a treatment Control Group - ANSWERS Group being studied that does not receive treatment Single-Blind Study - ANSWERS Experimental design in which the participants are not are aware of each participant's group assignment but the researchers are. Can be less reliable as the researches can use body language to sway results Placebos - ANSWERS Fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure Placebo Effect - ANSWERS Response to a placebo How do researchers collect data on a population's health and food-related practices? - ANSWERS Surveys What do researchers of nutrition ask people in their surveys? - ANSWERS - Personal and family medical histories - environmental exposures - dietary practices