NR507 Reviewed Midterm Exam 2024 How does blood flow through the heart? - Deoxygenated venous blood → Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid (AV) →Empties into R. Ventricle (& it contracts) → Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs to be Oxygenated → Pulmonary V eins → L. Atrium → Mitral (AV) → L. Ventricle (pumps with each contraction) → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body What is systole? - Contraction of the heart which pumps blood Diastole - Relaxation of the heart What produces S1 and S2 sound? - closing of the he art valves What produces S1? - The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole What produces S2 sound? - The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves in diastole What is cardiac output? - the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minu te What is stroke volume? - amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle with contraction What determines cardiac output? - stroke volume and heart rate What is preload? - the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts, related to ventricular filling, end diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the ventricle during diastole What is afterload? - resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood What is contractility? - Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force for a giv en stretch. It is independent of preload/afterload Will sustained tachycardia result in increased or decreased stroke volume? - Decreased What conditions can result in decreased contractility? - Ischemia, acidosis, cardiomyopathy What can cause increase afterload? - HTN, pulmonary disease, damage to the aortic valve What has the most immediate effect on afterload? - HTN Why would hemorrhaging cause decreased afterload? - Decreased volume of blood creates less resistance What does increased preload do to stroke volume? - Increases stroke volume, over time the body will be unable to compensate however What can cause a dec reased preload? - Hemorrhage, dehydration...anything that causes reduced blood volume What side of the heart is affected by cor -pulmonale? - Right (AKA Right sided HF) What is cor -pulmonale? - is defined as right ventricular hypertrophy with eventual RV failure resulting from pulmonary HTN, secondary to pulmonary disease. Causes dilation (stretching) of the right ventricle causes a back up of blood flow, and hypertrophy of cardiac cells What conditions could cause cor pulmonale? - COPD, PE, Pulmonary fib rosis, sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis, polio What are causes of heart failure? - CAD, HTN, Cardiomyopathy, faulty heart valves Explain how systemic HTN can lead to heart failure? - HTN causes increased LV preload which increases LA preload causing pulmon ary edema - - - What makes up the pulmonary anatomy? - nose->pharynx ->larynx ->trachea ->bronchi -
>bronchioles -->alveoli What is ventilation? - The action of inhaling and exhaling What is perfusion? - the ability of the lungs to perform gas exchange at the alveolar -capillary level moving blood into and out of the capillary cells What causes intrinsic asthma? - Something internal, non -allergic factors (anxiety, chemicals, airborne i rritants, exercise, GERD, obesity What causes extrinsic asthma? - Triggered by chronic allergic reaction (mold, pollen, dust mites, pet dander) What are signs and symptoms of asthma? - wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing What ar e treatment options for asthma? - Beta2 -agonists and anticholinergics which block acetylcholine binding to promote bronchodilation
>bronchioles -->alveoli What is ventilation? - The action of inhaling and exhaling What is perfusion? - the ability of the lungs to perform gas exchange at the alveolar -capillary level moving blood into and out of the capillary cells What causes intrinsic asthma? - Something internal, non -allergic factors (anxiety, chemicals, airborne i rritants, exercise, GERD, obesity What causes extrinsic asthma? - Triggered by chronic allergic reaction (mold, pollen, dust mites, pet dander) What are signs and symptoms of asthma? - wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing What ar e treatment options for asthma? - Beta2 -agonists and anticholinergics which block acetylcholine binding to promote bronchodilation
