Bioethics Practice Exam with Complete Solutions 100% Verified

Bioethics Practice Exam with Complete Solutions 100% Verified What are the characteristics of good reasons in ethics? - ✔✔-relevant to position -provide evidence for a position -support a conclusion as an argument -appeals not to evidence but to a principle -should not contradict each other and be logically consistent truth - ✔✔how premises correspond or not to the world validity - ✔✔the formal relations between premises and conclusion Slippery slope - ✔✔argument that a small change in the current practice will lead to terrible results; no logical place to draw the line Conceptual - ✔✔once a small change is made, other changes will logically follow, appeals to something good in human nature Empirical - ✔✔taking the first step unleashes something bad in human nature Ad hominem - ✔✔- "to the man" -a personal attack on someone else Tu quoque - ✔✔--"you too" --two wrongs make a right --Justifying our actions by claiming that others have committed the same wrong Straw man/Red herring - ✔✔bringing up irrelevant issues; focusing on different issue than one originally advocated because the different issue is easier to refute ex) "We should reject Obamacare because it will lead to death panels where people are forced to have advance directives before they know they are dying or know what their options are." straw man - ✔✔--"So you're saying I evolved from a monkey? Then how come I don't throw feces and climb trees?" --Evolution doesn't make that claim, but by claiming that it does, the arguer is trying to beat down a much easier argument. Red Herring - ✔✔--"So you believe in evolution? I'll bet your parents would be disappointed in you." --The arguer is distracting from the issue by bringing his opponent's parents into this - they have no impact on whether or not the theory is correct. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc - ✔✔--"After This, Therefore, Because of This" --confuses temporal priority with causality --ex) "In the 1960s, women started working outside the home, and a few years later, rates of divorce soared. Therefore, if we want to preserve the family, we should prevent women from working outside the home." --Just because one event occurred before another does not mean the first was caused by the second ---- everything in history came before X event, it does not mean that they are correlated Appeal to authority - ✔✔--using any authority to justify an argument --Ex) Using an ant expert's opinion on rock bands --Reasons and arguments justify a position, not just any authority Appeal to feelings and upbringing - ✔✔--using personal feelings or upbringing to justify something --Ex) "I was brought up to believe that men were the hunters and women were the hunted, so a woman should wait until a man finds her and asks her out." --You can be brought up the wrong way Ad populum - ✔✔--everybody does it --Ex) "All the other physicians do it. Why shouldn't I take such gifts, too?" False dichotomy - ✔✔--"Either -Or" --presenting an issue with only two extremes Equivocation - ✔✔--use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth --Ex) "Sex offenders should only be allowed to live in certain areas, so Alan Jones should not live here." Begging the question - ✔✔--when a conclusion that requires good reasons is assumed without argument --Ex) Saying only humans can be persons is begging the question which is whether only humans can be persons moral relativism - ✔✔--saying that right and wrong is internally defined by each society/culture so we can't judge other cultures for their practices because all of our moral systems are right --may sound nice in theory but in practice it allows for the Nazis to be justified because "we can't judge that culture" utilitarianism - ✔✔gggn 4 basic tenets of utilitarianism? - ✔✔consequentialism, maximization, theory of value, scope of morality premise Consequentialism - ✔✔consequences count, not motives or intentions Maximization - ✔✔number of people affected by a consequences matter (the more affected, the more important the result