PSY 100>PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 8 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS100% CORRECT (LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025).

1) The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both contributed to the metaphor of human memory as a(n): A) audio tape recorder. B) information-processing system. C) filing cabinet. D) library system. Answer: B 2) With regard to human memory, the assumed process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called: A) storage. B) priming. C) retrieval. D) encoding. Answer: D 3) If you are using a computer, the keystrokes you type are translated into an electrical code that the computer can understand. This process is most similar to which of the following human memory constructs? A) schema-building B) encoding C) storing D) retrieving Answer: B 4) The memory process in which information is retained over time is referred to as: A) Retrieval B) Storage C) Priming D) Encoding Answer: B 5) You want to work on an essay that you have saved on the hard drive of your computer. You search through the hierarchically organized folders on your computer until you find and open the document you want. It appears on the screen of your monitor. Relative to the information-processing system metaphor of human memory, this example is most similar to: A) storage. B) retrieval. C) sensory memory. D) encoding. Answer: B 6) Incoming visual or auditory information that is stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in: A) procedural memory. B) declarative memory. C) short-term memory. D) sensory memory. Answer: D 7) The component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized is known as: A) sensory memory. B) episodic memory. C) working memory. D) long-term memory. Answer: A 8) The iconic store and echoic store are subsystems that are important parts of: A) the storage process. B) sensory memory. C) long-term memory. D) the retrieval process. Answer: B 9) George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by: A) investigating the accuracy of flashbulb memories. B) briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall. C) asking people to recall different sets of numbers that were simultaneously presented to both ears. D) measuring how long it took people to add three two-digit numbers in their head and provide the correct sum. Answer: B 10) George Sperling briefly presented people with arrays of 12 letters (3 rows of 4 letters each) and asked them to immediately recall what they had seen. Under these conditions, people typically recalled: A) 8 to 10 letters. B) 3 to 5 letters. C) 11 to 12 letters. D) 1 to 2 letters. Answer: B 11) Research on the duration of iconic memory suggests that it is: A) indefinite in length. B) about 2 seconds long. C) 5 to 9 seconds long. D) a fraction of a second long. Answer: D 12) According to the three-stage model of memory, when playing a memory game in which a child is shown a tray of toys for a second and is then asked to recall as many of the toys as he can remember, the child is relying on his . A) remote access memory B) sensory memory C) declarative memory D) long-term memory Answer: B 13) Another name for short-term memory is: A) procedural memory. B) declarative memory. C) iconic memory. D) working memory. Answer: D 14) Approximately, 5 to 9 meaningful pieces of information is the capacity of memory. A) episodic B) short-term C) procedural D) sensory Answer: B 15) Individual items to be recalled are grouped into larger units of meaning in a memory process called: A) grouping. B) encoding. C) chunking. D) elaborating. Answer: C 16) As you are reading this question, you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and words look. Instead, you are probably using phonological encoding by saying the words to yourself silently and then you think about their meaning and utilize encoding. A) semantic B) visual C) motor D) episodic Answer: A 17) Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map. List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1, which suggests that an important role in short-term memory is played by encoding. A) phonological B) episodic C) visual D) semantic Answer: A 18) Prior to transferring information to long-term memory, both elaborative and maintenance rehearsal keep information active in memory. A) short-term B) sensory C) visual D) long-term Answer: A 19) Modern cognitive scientists refer to short-term memory as "working" memory because they believe that it functions similar to a(n): A) holding station for information. B) office of a busy librarian. C) tiny loading platform. D) keyboard on a personal computer. Answer: B 20) Many modern cognitive memory researchers believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions, such as problem solving. Based on this belief, these cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as: A) semantic memory. B) procedural memory. C) echoic memory. D) working memory. Answer: D 21) If you were to perform a mental computation such as adding the numbers 26 and 41 in your head, it is assumed that you would be doing this in your: A) long-term memory. B) sensory memory. C) short-term memory. D) episodic memory. Answer: C 22) The original three-stage model of memory assumed that short-term memory was similar to a loading platform, but modern theorists have argued that the human memory system is analogous to a . A) computer keyboard B) computer hard drive C) holding station D) busy library office Answer: D 23) According to psychologist Alan Baddeley, working memory is divided into which of the following four components? A) episodic, procedural, implicit, and semantic memory B) auditory, visual-spatial, episodic buffer, and central executive working memory C) encoding, storage, organization, and retrieval D) sensory, short-term, levels of processing, and long-term memory Answer: B 24) Auditory memory, visual-spatial memory, and a control process called the central executive are all components of: A) long-term memory. B) semantic memory. C) sensory memory. D) working memory. Answer: D 25) Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map. List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1. Baddeley would argue that the reason List 2 is easier is because the list information would be stored in which component of working memory? A) visual spatial sketchpad B) central executive C) auditory working memory D) echoic memory Answer: C 26) This component of working memory allows us to temporarily store and manipulate images. This component is the . A) iconic B) visual-spatial C) executive D) "phonological loop" Answer: B 27) Assume you have been asked to imagine a skier skiing quickly down a mountain. Your visual-spatial working memory would be responsible for storing and temporarily manipulating this image, while allocating the proper amount of attention to this task and allowing you to retrieve an image of a skier from your long-term memory and incorporate it into your current visualization would be a(n) process. A) long-term memory B) phonological loop C) central executive D) auditory working memory Answer: C 28) When you mentally repeat the number of houses you are looking as you drive around a neighbourhood, you are using the component of Baddeley's working memory model. A) central executive control B) auditory working memory C) visual-spatial working memory D) episodic buffer Answer: B 29) The tendency of people to remember words at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle of the list is called the . A) state-dependent memory B) primacy effect C) serial position effect D) recency effect Answer: C