Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire
stomach or a region)
Gastritis
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage
Acute Gastritis
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied
by nausea and epigastric pain
Acute Gastritis
_________ Gastritis develops gradually.
Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive
Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort,
and hematemesis.
Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull
epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake.
Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction
Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease
Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs
Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and
vomiting
Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that
cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility
Helicobacter pylori
,Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and
other chronic disease
Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage
Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise.
Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and
bleeding.
Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile
can also back up into the esophagus.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and
peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity,
pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric
intubation, and delayed gastric emptying
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal
or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
, Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections.
Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the
presence of food
Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy
and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with
eating.
Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to
local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the
stomach, and decreased GI motility.
Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns
Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries
Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form
within hours of the precipitating event.
Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops
rapidly and tends to be masked by the primary problem
Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and
peritonitis
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping,
heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the
mucosa and sometimes other layers
Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post
abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins
Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever,
and leukocytosis
Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an
infection. Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small
structure. As fluid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms
proliferate
stomach or a region)
Gastritis
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage
Acute Gastritis
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied
by nausea and epigastric pain
Acute Gastritis
_________ Gastritis develops gradually.
Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive
Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort,
and hematemesis.
Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull
epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake.
Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction
Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease
Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs
Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and
vomiting
Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that
cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility
Helicobacter pylori
,Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and
other chronic disease
Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage
Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise.
Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and
bleeding.
Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile
can also back up into the esophagus.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and
peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity,
pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric
intubation, and delayed gastric emptying
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal
or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
, Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections.
Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the
presence of food
Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy
and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with
eating.
Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to
local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the
stomach, and decreased GI motility.
Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns
Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries
Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form
within hours of the precipitating event.
Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops
rapidly and tends to be masked by the primary problem
Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and
peritonitis
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping,
heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the
mucosa and sometimes other layers
Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post
abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins
Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever,
and leukocytosis
Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an
infection. Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small
structure. As fluid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms
proliferate
